Table 1.

General characteristics of study participants by gender.

General Characteristics	All Participants (n = 100)		Females (n = 50)		Males (n = 50)
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	p-Value
Age * (years)	56.2	14.0	57.1	14.4	55.3	13.7	0.650
Height * (cm)	161.9	8.1	157.4	7.0	166.5	6.3	0.001
Weight * (kg)	89.2	14.5	88.5	20.8	89.8	15.9	0.708
BMI * (kg/m2)	33.7	6.5	35.0	7.1	32.3	5.7	0.035
BMI category † (n, %)
Normal weight	6	6%	3	6%	3	6%
Overweight	26	26%	10	20%	16	32%	0.038
Obese	68	68%	37	74%	31	62%
Waist circumference * (cm)	98	15	99	17	97	13	0.444
Following special Diet † (yes, n, %)	36	36%	18	36%	18	36%	1.000
Diabetes Diet (self-assessment of balanced diet)	30	83%	14	78%	16	89%	0.212
Diabetes Diet and other diet e.g., low fat diet or low salt diet or for losing weight	6	17%	4	22%	2	11%
Duration of having diabetes (year)	14	10	13	8	15	11	0.305
Diabetes treatment † (n, %)
Oral antidiabetic drugs only	37	37%	21	42%	16	32%
Insulin	22	22%	9	18%	13	26%	0.490
Oral antidiabetic drugs and Insulin	41	41%	20	40%	21	42%
Dietary characteristics *
Total energy (Kcal)	2392	610	2194	614	2589	544	0.001
Protein (g)	102	46	80	34	123	46	0.001
Fat (g)	77	34	70	34	83	34	0.053
Energy from fat (Kcal)	708	349	746	387	746	305	0.273
Carbohydrate (g)	318	95	303	106	333	81	0.121
Having chronic disease † (n, %)
Blood pressure (yes)	60	60%	33	66%	27	54%	0.221
Cholesterol (yes)	74	74%	38	76%	36	72%	0.648
Other disease (yes)	28	28%	16	32%	12	24%	0.373
Smoking † (n, %)
Yes	17	17%	5	10%	12	24%	0.001
I have given up	23	23%	1	2%	22	44%
Physical activity † (n, %)
Never	28	28%	17	34%	11	22%	0.119
Once a week	21	21%	14	28%	7	14%
Twice a week	12	12%	5	10%	7	14%
More than four times week	39	39%	14	28%	25	50%

* Differences between genders were assessed by using an independent sample t-test. † Differences between the proportion of males and females in the categorical variables were assessed by using a Chi2 test.