Table 2.

3D models used to study SARS-CoV-2 infection and drug evaluation.

Model	Cell	Contributions
Spheroid	iPS	To evaluate tropism, the cytotoxic effect on cardiomyocytes and drugs such as remdesivir in SARS-CoV-2 infection [102].
Scaffold base	hAT2 cell	Identification of different states of infected cells through the progression of infection and phenotypic changes of cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection [103].
	HBMVEC cell	To assess the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the blood–brain barrier associated with the neuropathology associated with COVID-19 [104].
Organotypic raft culture	Epithelial cells of the proximal airways	Heterogeneous respiratory tract infection, predominantly in hair cells. SARS-CoV-2 induces a cytopathic effect in infected cells and uninfected neighboring cells. Evaluated drugs like hydroxychloroquine [105].
Organoid	iPS	SARS-CoV-2 tropism. Pancreatic alpha and beta cells, liver organoids, cardiomyocytes, and neural cells are permissive to infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus [106,107].
		To evaluate cell tropism in lung organoids and colonic organoids. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors, such as mycophenolic acid and quinacrine dihydrochloride [108].
		To evaluate cellular tropism and neurotoxic effect of SARS-CoV-2 [109].
	Human ESC	Evaluate cellular tropism and infectivity of blood vessels and human tubular kidney cells.To assess the impact of human soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hrsACE2) on SARS-CoV-2 infection [110].
	Primary intestinal epithelial stem cells	Cell tropism, enterocyte infectivity, and cellular changes through infection [111].
	hBEpC	To evaluate SARS-CoV-2 infection and the effect of drugs such as camostat on pulmonary organoids [112].
	Cholangiocytes	Cellular tropism and damage to liver tissue and bile ducts by SARS-CoV-2 [113].
Organ-on-a-chip	hAT2 HULEC-5a	SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury may be mediated by communication between the epithelium–endothelium interface and immune cells. Remdesivir evaluation for infection [114].
	data HUVEC cell, Caco-2, HT-29 and PBMC	Evaluation of damage to the intestinal barrier caused by SARS-CoV-2 [115].

iPS—induced pluripotent stem cells; hAT2—human alveolar epithelial cells type II; HBMVEC—human brain microvascular endothelial cells; HUVEC—human umbilical vein endothelial cells; Caco-2—human colon adenocarcinoma cells; HT-29—grade II human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells; PBMC—human peripheral blood mononuclear cells; ESC—embryonic stem cells; hBEpC—normal human bronchial epithelial cells; HULEC-5a—pulmonary microvasculature cell line.