Table 6.

Flavonoids in the prevention of the muscle atrophy in vitro/vivo.

Flavonoids	Structure	Example Source	Inducer	Model	Effect	Mechanism	Ref
Apigenin		Parsley, celery, and grapefrui	HFD	C57BL/6 mice	↑ Exercise capacity	↓ MuRF1, MAFbx	[110]
			Palmitic acid	C2C12 cells	/	↑ Mitochondrial content	[110]
Quercetin		Onions	HFD	C57BL/6J mice	↑ Muscle mass, muscle fiber size	↓ Nrf2, NF-κB, TNF-α ↓ MuRF1, MAFbx	[111]
Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)		Rattan tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata)	D-galactose /Dexamethasone	SD rats	↑ Muscle strength, fiber cross-sectional area	↑ Myotube diameter, mitochondrial content, Tfam, PGC-1α	[112]
5,7-Dimethoxyflavone		Black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora)	Aging	C57BL/6 mice	↑ Muscle mass, strength	↑ Muscle mass, mitochondrial content, Tfam, PGC-1α ↓ MuRF1, MAFbx	[113]
Genistein		Soybean	/	mdx mice	↑ Muscle function and morphology	↑ Muscle function, morphology ↓ NF-κB, TNF-α	[114]
			Denervation	C57BL6/J mice	↑ Muscle strength	↓ MuRF1, MAFbx	[115]
Isoflavin-β	/	Soybean	Thyrotoxicosis	Wistar rats	↑ Muscle mass	↑ Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase activity	[116]
Delphinidin		Blueberry	Disuse	C57BL/6J mice	↑ Muscle weight	↑ NFATc3, miR-23a ↓ MuRF1	[117,118]
8-Prenylnaringenin		Hop (Humulus lupulus)	Denervation	C57BL/6 mice	↑ Muscle weight	↑ Akt, IGF-1	[119]
Silibinin		Milk thistle (Silybum marianum)	Pancreatic cancer	NCr-nu/nu mice	↑ Muscle strength	↓ MuRF1, MAFbx	[120]
α-Ionone		Violets, blackberries, plums	HFD	C57BL/6N	↑ Muscle weight/strength	↑ cAMP ↓ MuRF1, MAFbx	[121]
			Palmitic acid	C2C12 cells	↑ Myotube size	↑ cAMP, MyoD, Myogenin ↓ MuRF1, MAFbx	[121]
Cryptotanshinone		Danshen	CT26 colon carcinoma	BALB/c mice	↑ Muscle mass	↓ MuRF1, MAFbx ↓ STAT3 signaling	[122]
				C2C12 cells	/	↓ MuRF1, MAFbx	[122]

Abbreviation: Akt, Protein kinase B; cAMP, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; HFD, High fat diet; IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1; MAFbx, Muscle atrophy F-box; MuRF1, Muscle RING-finger protein-1; MyoD, Myogenic differentiation antigen; Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa-B; PGC-1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactiva-tor-1α; STAT3, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; ↑, Increase or promote; ↓, Decrease or inhibit.