Table 1.
Characteristics of the selected studies.
| Author, Country, Year |
Study Design | Sample Characteristics | Type of PA/Exercise | Exercise Load | Duration of Exercise Intervention | Timing of Assessment | Diet Control/ Assessment |
Type of Diet/Nutrients Evaluated | Quality of the Study | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barton, UK, 2018 |
cross-sectional | N = 86 (100% M): 40 elite professional athletes, 46 healthy controls |
rugby | / | / | / | assessed (FFQ and photographic food atlas) | total energy and macronutrient intake | JBI: include |
[31] |
| Bressa, Spain, 2017 |
cross-sectional | N = 40 (100% F): 19 actives, 21 sedentary |
physical exercise | active ≥ 3 h of physical exercise per week; sedentary < 3 days of exercise per week for 30 min at a moderate intensity |
7 days | 1 week | assessed (FFQ) | macronutrients, fiber, ethanol, and main food group intake | JBI: include |
[32] |
| Clarke, USA, 2014 | cross-sectional | N = 69 (40 male rugby elite player, 29 male control) | rigorous training in a training camp | / | 4 weeks | / | assessed (FFQ and photographic food atlas) | macronutrient, fiber, and supplement intake | JBI: include | [33] |
| Cronin, Ireland, 2018 | randomized controlled trial | N = 90 (41.1% F), aged 18–40 years | aerobic and resistance training | 3 times per week moderate aerobic exercise and 7 machine-based resistance exercise | 8 weeks | baseline and 8 weeks | assessed (FFQ) controlled (whey protein supplementation) |
whey protein supplementation group, whey protein + exercise group, exercise group | CRBT: some concerns | [34] |
| Gallè, Italy, 2020 | cross-sectional study | N = 140 healthy students (17 low active, 57 moderately active, 66 highly active) aged 18–36 years | habitual weekly PA | auto-referred MET-minutes/week | / | / | assessed (questionnaire) | Mediterranean diet adherence | JBI: include | [35] |
| Han, China, 2020 | cross-sectional study | N = 19 healthy female rowing athletes (12 elite and 7 non-elite athletes) aged 12–26 years |
rowing | / | Adult elite athletes = 19–26 years (n.6); youth elite athletes = 12–17 years (n.6); youth elite athletes = 12–16 years (n.9) | baseline, from April to May 2017 | assessed (FFQ) | drinking, staple food, vegetables, meat poultry, seafood, bean, grease, salt, raw garlic |
JBI: include | [36] |
| Jang, South Korea 2019 | cross-sectional | N = 45 male (15 runners,15 bodybuilders and 15 healthy controls) | bodybuilding, running | / | bodybuilding for 7.6 years; running for 7.5 years | / | assessed (food diary + supplements recording) | macronutrient and fiber intake | JBI: include | [37] |
| Manor, USA, 2020 |
cross-sectional study | N = 3409 healthy subjects (59% female), mean age 49 ± 12 | habitual weekly PA | type, frequency, and duration | / | / | assessed (questionnaire) | food group intake | JBI: include | [38] |
| Scheiman, USA, 2019 |
cross-sectional | 15 runners and 10 sedentary controls | running | 1 marathon | 1 day | every day from 1 week before to 1 week after the marathon | assessed (questionnaire + daily annotation sheet) | USDA MyPlate consumption categories, protein powder supplementation | JBI: include | [39] |
| Taniguchi, Japan, 2018 |
randomized crossover trial | N = 33 healthy men aged 62–76 years | progressive aerobic exercise | three sessions per week. 60% of pre-exercise VO2 peak the first week, 70% during week 2 and 3, 75% week 4 and 5 | 5 weeks | baseline, week 5 and 10 | assessed during the intervention (diet history questionnaire) | food group intake | CRBT: some concerns | [40] |