Table 5.
Phenolic composition of three microgreen species (lettuce, mustard, and rocket) in response to nutrient deprivation treatment (DBH) applied for 6 or 12 days before harvest. All data are expressed as mean ± standard error, n = 3.
| Flavonol Glycosides | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Source of Variance | Kaempferol-3-Hydroxyferuloyl-Sophorotrioside-7-Glucoside | Quercetin-3-Sophoroside-7-Glucoside | Kaempferol-3-Glucoside | Kaempferol 3-Diglucoside | Kaempferol-3-Sinapoyl-Sophoroside-7-Glucoside | Kaempferol-3-Sinapoyl-Sophorotrioside-7-Glucoside | Quercetin-3-Sinapoyl Triglucoside | Quercetin-3-O-Rutinoside (Rutin) | Quercetin-3-Glucoside | Coumaroyl-Diglucoside | Isorhamnetin-3-Gentiobioside | Total Flavonol Glycosides | |||||||||||
| (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | ||||||||||||
| Species | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||||||||||
| DBH | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | * | n.s. | *** | n.s. | *** | *** | ** | *** | |||||||||||
| Species*DBH | n.s. | *** | n.s. | *** | n.s. | *** | *** | *** | ** | n.s. | *** | ||||||||||||
| Lettuce | n.d. | n.d. | 5.58 ± 0.13 | a | 11.15 ± 0.67 | b | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 16.23 ± 0.89 | b | 124.7 ± 10.36 | a | 0.63 ± 0.06 | b | n.d. | 158.29 ± 11.56 | c | |||||
| Mustard | 46.3 ± 0.78 | a | 10.53 ± 0.56 | b | 1 ± 0.09 | b | 18.57 ± 0.39 | a | 78.46 ± 1.03 | a | 79.96 ± 1.85 | 105.1 ± 8.74 | b | 24.03 ± 0.47 | a | 0.55 ± 0.08 | b | 1.54 ± 0.06 | a | 25.64 ± 1.97 | a | 391.68 ± 11.54 | a |
| Rocket | 0.19 ± 0.02 | b | 13.8 ± 0.56 | a | n.d. | 6.91 ± 0.36 | c | 0.65 ± 0.05 | b | n.d. | 321.21 ± 17.24 | a | 13.67 ± 0.85 | c | 3.04 ± 0.21 | b | 1.69 ± 0.14 | a | 8.76 ± 0.41 | b | 369.92 ± 18.33 | b | |
| 0 | 22.86 ± 10.17 | 12.4 ± 1.59 | 3.28 ± 1.03 | 12.01 ± 1.92 | 38.86 ± 17.07 | a | 74.7 ± 1.84 | 216.18 ± 64.46 | b | 17.86 ± 1.97 | 29.91 ± 14.36 | c | 1.08 ± 0.13 | b | 15.67 ± 3.57 | b | 291.93 ± 44.52 | b | |||||
| 6 | 22.91 ± 10.15 | 12.27 ± 0.47 | 3.21 ± 0.98 | 12.14 ± 1.6 | 41.16 ± 18.09 | a | 80.04 ± 2.13 | 237.86 ± 50.43 | a | 18 ± 1.29 | 44.88 ± 21.44 | b | 1.2 ± 0.19 | b | 21 ± 5.11 | a | 328.51 ± 42.17 | a | |||||
| 12 | 23.96 ± 10.66 | 11.83 ± 0.55 | 3.39 ± 1.09 | 12.48 ± 1.78 | 38.64 ± 17.07 | a | 85.13 ± 2.39 | 185.42 ± 30.43 | c | 18.08 ± 1.86 | 53.5 ± 25.78 | a | 1.58 ± 0.21 | a | 14.92 ± 3.04 | b | 299.45 ± 30.08 | b | |||||
| Lettuce, 0 | n.d. | n.d. | 5.57 ± 0.24 | a | 9.83 ± 0.66 | c | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 14.52 ± 0.61 | de | 87.16 ± 4.15 | c | 0.59 ± 0.02 | d | n.d. | 117.66 ± 2.93 | f | |||||
| Lettuce, 6 | n.d. | n.d. | 5.37 ± 0.18 | a | 9.99 ± 0.09 | c | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 14.5 ± 0.18 | de | 130.42 ± 5.21 | b | 0.48 ± 0.12 | d | n.d. | 160.77 ± 5.01 | e | |||||
| Lettuce, 12 | n.d. | n.d. | 5.81 ± 0.24 | a | 13.63 ± 0.31 | b | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 19.67 ± 0.42 | c | 156.52 ± 3.93 | a | 0.81 ± 0.08 | d | n.d. | 196.44 ± 3.64 | d | |||||
| Mustard, 0 | 45.58 ± 1.04 | 8.88 ± 0.56 | c | 1 ± 0.14 | b | 19.4 ± 0.64 | a | 77.01 ± 1.14 | 74.7 ± 1.84 | 72.35 ± 6.17 | d | 25.57 ± 0.72 | a | 0.3 ± 0.01 | d | 1.32 ± 0.06 | c | 23.57 ± 1.05 | b | 349.68 ± 8.18 | b | ||
| Mustard, 6 | 45.56 ± 1.59 | 11.78 ± 0.85 | b | 1.06 ± 0.25 | b | 18.36 ± 0.88 | a | 81.57 ± 1.93 | 80.04 ± 2.13 | 125.37 ± 7.24 | c | 22.97 ± 0.56 | b | 0.77 ± 0.13 | d | 1.59 ± 0.03 | bc | 31.83 ± 3.64 | a | 420.9 ± 11.28 | a | ||
| Mustard, 12 | 47.76 ± 1.45 | 10.92 ± 0.69 | bc | 0.96 ± 0.07 | b | 17.95 ± 0.34 | a | 76.8 ± 0.62 | 85.13 ± 2.39 | 117.57 ± 2.67 | c | 23.56 ± 0.12 | ab | 0.57 ± 0.07 | d | 1.72 ± 0.07 | b | 21.51 ± 1.63 | b | 404.47 ± 3.49 | a | ||
| Rocket, 0 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 15.91 ± 0.14 | a | n.d. | 6.81 ± 0.44 | d | 0.71 ± 0.05 | n.d. | 360 ± 7.26 | a | 13.5 ± 0.95 | ef | 2.28 ± 0.09 | d | 1.34 ± 0.07 | bc | 7.77 ± 0.49 | c | 408.46 ± 8.09 | a | |||
| Rocket, 6 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 12.75 ± 0.35 | b | n.d. | 8.07 ± 0.19 | cd | 0.75 ± 0.09 | n.d. | 350.36 ± 2.98 | a | 16.52 ± 0.24 | d | 3.44 ± 0.12 | d | 1.53 ± 0.13 | bc | 10.17 ± 0.29 | c | 403.85 ± 2.99 | a | |||
| Rocket, 12 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 12.74 ± 0.48 | b | n.d. | 5.87 ± 0.36 | d | 0.48 ± 0.01 | n.d. | 253.26 ± 4.53 | b | 10.99 ± 0.31 | f | 3.4 ± 0.23 | d | 2.21 ± 0.07 | a | 8.33 ± 0.37 | c | 297.45 ± 3.37 | c | |||
| Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives | Flavone glycosides | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Source of variance | Synapoyl-hexose | Ferulic acid | Trisinapoyl-gentiobiose | Disinapoyl-gentiobiose | Caffeoyl quinic acid | Total hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives | Apigenin-7-O-glucoside | Luteolin-7-O-glucoside | Total flavone glycosides | Total polyphenols | |||||||||||||
| (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | (μg g−1 DW) | ||||||||||||||
| Species | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||||||||||
| DBH | *** | *** | *** | n.s. | *** | ** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | *** | |||||||||||||
| Species*DBH | *** | *** | *** | n.s. | *** | *** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | *** | |||||||||||||
| Lettuce | 5.35 ± 0.33 | c | 2.5 ± 0.19 | b | n.d. | n.d. | 1055.3 ± 31.9 | a | 1063.15 ± 32.13 | a | n.d. | 16.51 ± 0.36 | b | 16.51 ± 0.36 | b | 1237.95 ± 39.5 | a | ||||||
| Mustard | 96.86 ± 2.29 | b | 55.25 ± 2.81 | a | 23.37 ± 0.41 | b | 51.01 ± 1.16 | b | 0.48 ± 0.04 | b | 226.98 ± 2.06 | c | 30.97 ± 1.92 | a | 65.87 ± 5.01 | a | 96.84 ± 5.63 | a | 715.5 ± 10.83 | c | |||
| Rocket | 557.84 ± 31.16 | a | 2.46 ± 0.12 | b | 43.18 ± 3.71 | a | 75.62 ± 1.75 | a | 1.69 ± 0.37 | b | 680.78 ± 34.68 | b | 2.32 ± 0.17 | b | n.d. | 2.32 ± 0.17 | c | 1053.02 ± 50.89 | b | ||||
| 0 | 252.42 ± 103.5 | a | 23.2 ± 10.14 | a | 38.5 ± 7.16 | a | 63.91 ± 6.16 | 316.55 ± 158.08 | b | 660.44 ± 110.91 | a | 18.35 ± 7.54 | 42.32 ± 11.58 | 40.45 ± 15.83 | a | 992.83 ± 80.41 | b | ||||||
| 6 | 220.44 ± 85.49 | b | 20.62 ± 9.08 | b | 33.8 ± 5.06 | a | 61.49 ± 4.72 | 384.14 ± 191.87 | a | 688.72 ± 134.57 | a | 14.68 ± 5.83 | 39.56 ± 12.58 | 36.16 ± 14.56 | a | 1053.38 ± 86.86 | a | ||||||
| 12 | 187.19 ± 67.9 | c | 16.4 ± 7.2 | c | 27.53 ± 1.8 | b | 64.54 ± 6.34 | 356.79 ± 177.63 | a | 621.75 ± 123.91 | b | 16.89 ± 6.31 | 41.7 ± 11.53 | 39.06 ± 14.75 | a | 960.26 ± 85.1 | b | ||||||
| Lettuce,0 | 4.3 ± 0.19 | e | 3.11 ± 0.05 | d | n.d. | n.d. | 948.58 ± 16.38 | c | 955.99 ± 16.23 | b | n.d. | 16.46 ± 0.69 | 16.46 ± 0.69 | b | 1090.12 ± 14.6 | c | |||||||
| Lettuce,6 | 5.5 ± 0.43 | e | 2.53 ± 0.1 | d | n.d. | n.d. | 1150.67 ± 32.89 | a | 1158.69 ± 32.69 | a | n.d. | 15.93 ± 0.51 | 15.93 ± 0.51 | b | 1335.39 ± 32.59 | a | |||||||
| Lettuce,12 | 6.24 ± 0.19 | e | 1.87 ± 0.16 | d | n.d. | n.d. | 1066.65 ± 26.1 | b | 1074.77 ± 26.16 | a | n.d. | 17.13 ± 0.71 | 17.13 ± 0.71 | b | 1288.34 ± 22.52 | ab | |||||||
| Mustard,0 | 90.0 ± 2 | d | 63.75 ± 0.89 | a | 22.74 ± 0.42 | c | 50.53 ± 3.11 | 0.39 ± 0.03 | d | 227.41 ± 4.03 | f | 34.78 ± 3.77 | 68.17 ± 1.19 | 102.95 ± 4.96 | a | 680.04 ± 8.94 | e | ||||||
| Mustard,6 | 97.7 ± 2.84 | d | 56.87 ± 1.79 | b | 22.66 ± 0.67 | c | 51.42 ± 1.8 | 0.45 ± 0.03 | d | 229.1 ± 4.26 | f | 27.34 ± 3.13 | 63.18 ± 15.26 | 90.51 ± 16.67 | a | 740.51 ± 14.47 | e | ||||||
| Mustard,12 | 102.9 ± 2.96 | d | 45.13 ± 1.53 | c | 24.72 ± 0.24 | c | 51.07 ± 1.71 | 0.61 ± 0.01 | d | 224.43 ± 3.28 | f | 30.78 ± 2.5 | 66.26 ± 7.81 | 97.04 ± 6.29 | a | 725.95 ± 11.04 | e | ||||||
| Rocket,0 | 662.97 ± 17.56 | a | 2.75 ± 0.15 | d | 54.27 ± 2.79 | a | 77.28 ± 1.03 | 0.67 ± 0.03 | d | 797.94 ± 20.9 | c | 1.93 ± 0.03 | n.d. | 1.93 ± 0.03 | b | 1208.32 ± 20.66 | b | ||||||
| Rocket,6 | 558.13 ± 5.98 | b | 2.45 ± 0.19 | d | 44.93 ± 1.97 | b | 71.57 ± 2.55 | 1.29 ± 0.09 | d | 678.37 ± 9.58 | d | 2.03 ± 0.04 | n.d. | 2.03 ± 0.04 | b | 1084.25 ± 9.16 | c | ||||||
| Rocket,12 | 452.42 ± 14.93 | c | 2.18 ± 0.14 | d | 30.34 ± 2.86 | c | 78 ± 4.08 | 3.09 ± 0.21 | d | 566.03 ± 21.35 | e | 2.99 ± 0.09 | n.d. | 2.99 ± 0.09 | b | 866.48 ± 24.81 | d | ||||||
n.s., *, **, *** Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively. Different letters within each column indicate significant differences according to Tukey-Kramer HSD test (p = 0.05).