Table 4.

Tea bioactive compounds and their effects on gut microbiota.

Tea	Bioactive Compounds	Type of Study	Gut Bacteria Effects	References
Kudingcha (KDC) from Ilex latifolia Thun and Ilex kudingcha C.J. Tseng (large-leaved Kudingcha)	Neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acids isomers, quercetin with different glycosides triterpenoid saponins, polysaccharides, monosaccharides, proteins, simple organic acid.	HFD mice	Administration of KDC led to a reduction in abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae.	[73,74,75]
Fuzhuanbrick Tea post-ferment ed tea (dark tea leaves of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis and C. sinensis var. assamica) (border-selling tea or border-tea)	Gallic acid, catechins, free amino acids, alkaloids and volatile components.		Administration of the tea reduces the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and has led to the increased of relative abundance in Bifidobacteriaceae
KDC and FBT			Led to an decreased of Clostridium, Bilophila, Oscillibacter, Lactonifactor, Eisenbergiella, Olsenella, Leuconostoc, Pseudoflavonifractor and Streptococcus.
Green tea (Camellia sinensis)	Standardized green tea extract: catechins (49.9%), including epigallocatechin (9.7%), epicatechin (5.4%), epigallocatechin-gallate (28.4%), and epicatechin-gallate (6.4%), as well as caffeine (4.5%) and theanine (0.4%). Other possible biologically active compounds: gallic acid, p-coumaric acid and quinic acid derivatives, caffeoylquinic acid isomers, and caffeoyl, kaempferol 3-O-p-coumaroylglucoside and kaempferol 3-O-p-coumaroyldirhamnosylhexosi de	Mice under UV stress	7-day supplementation of green tea extract Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increased levels of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacteriumspp.	[76,77]
Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume (bora-bora, Ceylon privét, privet, tree privet, troene)	Ligistrum robustum ethanol extract (LRE)—glycosides extract. Ligupurpuroside, acteoside, isoacteoside, ligupurpuroside A, ligupurpuroside B, ligupurpuroside C, ligupurpuroside D, and osmanthuside B	HFD mice	After 16 weeks of LRE administration, the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio increased. LRC contributed to growth stimulation of belonging of Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes groups and a Coriobacteriaceae_U CG-002, and Lachnospiraceae groups.	[78]
Solidago virgaurea L. (European goldenrod, Woundwort)	Solidago v. Infusion extract Mainly caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid) flavonoids (quercetin rhamnohexoside, rutin, isoquercetin, kaempferol) and some phenylpropanoids.	Human and swine gut microbiota in vitro study	In human and swine cultures gut microbiota takes place hydrolysis of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and deglycosylation of flavonoids.	[79]
Chrysanthem um morifolium (florist’s daisy and hardy garden mum or juhua)	Hot-water extract. Chlorogenic acid, tuberonic acid glucoside, diglucosylapigenin isomer, naringenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside Isookanin-7-O-β-diglucopyranoside, Quercetin-3-O-galactoside, diglucosyapigenin isomer, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, dicaffeoylquinic acid isomer, apigenin-7-O-rutinoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, Kaempferol-3-O-acetyl-glucoside, diosmetin 7-O-rutinoside, diosmetin 7-glucuronide, acacetin-7-O-6″-malonylgactoside, apigenin 7-O-acetylglucoside isomer, apigenin 7-O-acetylglucoside isomer, Ombuin-3β-rutinoside, luteolin, apigenin 7-O-acetylglucoside isomer acacetin-7-O-glucuronide, acacetin, apigenina, diosmetin, eupatorin, casticina.	Regular chow diet fed C57BL/6J mice study	Hot water extract administration has shaped gut microbiota by increasing Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes (Prevotella) Bifidobacterium 6J mice with gut Colonized by microbiota coming from healthy human volunteers.	[80]
Cyclocarya paliurus (Wheel Wingnut; sweet tea tree)	Water extract of C. paliurus leaves. Cyclocarya paliurus flavonoids: Kaempferol-3-O-β-glucuronide, kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, isoquercitrin, quercetin	Adult male C57BL	The administration of CPF led to an increase of microbial diversity, reduction in the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium, Mitsuokella, Ruminococcus, Desulfovibrio and Megamonas.	[81]
Edgeworthia gardneri (papertree, paperbush; Argelee)	Water extract, phloroglucinol, swainonine, trigonelline, coumalic acid, Coumarin, scopolamine, 7,8-Dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, chlorogenic acid, berberine, psoralen, apigenin, caffeic acid, γ-Terpinene, rutin, 4-methylumbelliferone, scopoletin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, α-Pinene, daidzein, bergapten, glycitein, cytosine, α-Linolenic acid, ferulic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, arachidonic acid.	HFD mice	The microbial diversity was improved. The extract decreases the number of Proteobacteria and Deferribacteres and reverses the levels of Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae,S24–7, Rikenellaceae, and Dorea in diabetic mice.	[82]
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge (red sage or Danshen)	Ethanolic extract, Danshensu, protocatechualdehyden, caffeic acid, rutin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid B, salvianolic acid A, and salvianolic acid C	C57BL/6J diabetic mice	Decrease of Proteus hauseri and Helicobacter winghamensis abundance and growth stimulation of Anaerotruncus colihominis, Mucispirillum schaedleri, and Butyricimonas virosa. The extract increases the biodiversity and species of the gut microbiota and reduces the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.	[83]
Hypericum attenuatum Choisy (St. John’s Wort)	Ethanolic extract, rutin, Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide	Male KM diabetic mice	The extract reverses dysbiosis induced by diabet, increases levels of Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Lactobacillaceae	[84]
Decaffeinated green tea (GT) and black tea (BT)	Ethanolic extracts of green tea (GTP) and black tea (BTP), gallic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epicatechin	Male mouse C57BL	6J mice (strain JAX 000664), low-fat/high sucros e diet (LF/HSD), HFD/HSD, HFD/HSD supplemented with GTP and BTP. HFD/HSD-GTP and BTP diets lead to a significant increase in the relative proportion of Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, and Prevotella and an increase of Roseburia, Bryantella, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Blautia, Anaerostipes, Shuttleworthia, and Acetitomaculum, Collinsella. GTP administration leads to an increase cell number of bacterial strains belonging to Clostridium and Coprococcus and a decrease of Turicibacter and Marvinbryantia. BTP consumption was increase in Oscillibacter, Anaerotruncus, and Pseudobutyrivibrio	[85]