Table 1.

Effects of clock gene mutations on cardiovascular function and regulation.

Gene	Effect	Reference
Per2 mutation	Reduced NO production; decreased vasodilatory prostaglandins and increased vasoconstrictors	[81]
Global KO PPAR𝜸	Decreased variation in diel heart rate; abolished regulation of mean arterial pressure and HR	[82,83]
Germline deletion of Bmal1	Abolished diel fluctuations in HR and BP; disrupted metabolism; impaired contractile function; cardiac damage; early cardiac aging	[84,85,86]
Cry1/2 double deletion	Salt sensitive hypertension; enhanced baroreflex sensitivity	[87]
Per1 deletion	Non-dipping hypertension in male, but not female mice; very low BP; elevated endothelin-1	[88,89,90]