Figure 3.

Graphene (G)- and graphene oxide (GO)-functionalized materials inhibit viral infection of VERO cells in static and flow testing paradigms

(A) Uninfected VERO cells stained with crystal violet are ~100 confluent.

(B) Similar crystal violet staining of infected cells reveals severe cell loss (white areas).

(C and D)Representative images of cells exposed to (C) PU or (D) cotton without or with G or GO functionalization and stained with crystal violet in the static incubation experiment are shown.

(E) Data from quantified crystal violet-stained cell images reveal highly significant increases in cell survival with PU or cotton with G or GO.

(F and G) Similar representative images are shown for the flow filtration experiment.

(H) Crystal violet-stained cell image quantification for the flow experiment also shows highly significant increases in cell viability with both materials functionalized with either G or GO. Scale bars in A–D, F, and G are 50 μm. Data are represented as mean ± SD. Statistically significant results are indicated with “∗” according to p value (∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001).