Figure 11.

Fecal metabolites (nmol/g wet fecal batch) detection of (A) uremic toxins by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and (B) uremic toxins precursors by amino acid analysis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) fecal batches before (t0) and after simulated (in vitro) colonic fermentation (t24; 24 h at 37 °C) with and without the innovative synbiotic NatuREN G (NG). Fecal batches with healthy subjects (HC) feces were used as the control. The concentration of NMR compounds is summarized as the average of two independent analyses ± SD. The concentration of FAAs is singularly reported (average expressed as a middle bar). * Significantly different compounds’ concentrations (multiple t-test using the Sidak–Bonferroni correction, p < 0.05) compared with the relative baseline (t0).