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. 2021 Jun 28;21:246. doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02267-9

The global prevalence of familial multiple sclerosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Naeim Ehtesham 1,2,✉, Maryam Zare Rafie 3, Meysam Mosallaei 2
PMCID: PMC8237453  PMID: 34182943

Abstract

Background

Considering that many recent studies have reported the prevalence of familial multiple sclerosis (FMS), we performed an updated meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of FMS by the addition of recent publications.

Methods

A search in PubMed, Scopus, the ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar was undertaken up to 20 December 2020. The inclusion criteria were based on the CoCoPop approach (condition, context, and population). Meta-analysis of the qualified studies was conducted by comprehensive meta-analysis ver. 2 software.

Results

The pooled prevalence of MS in relatives of 16,179 FMS cases was estimated to be 11.8% (95% CI: 10.7–13) based on a random-effects model. The pooled mean age of disease onset in adult probands was calculated to be 28.7 years (95% CI: 27.2 ± 30.2). Regarding 13 studies that reported the data of FMS in pediatrics (n = 877) and adults (n = 6636), the FMS prevalence in pediatrics and adults was 15.5% (95% CI: 13.8–17.4) and 10.8% (95% CI: 8.1–14.2), respectively. The prevalence of FMS in affected males (n = 5243) and females (n = 11,503) was calculated to be 13.7% (95% CI: 10.1–18.2) and 15.4% (95% CI: 10.3–22.4), respectively. The odds ratio of male/female in FMS cases was not statistically significant (OR = 0.9; 95% CI: 0.6–1.2, P = 0.55). Subgroup analysis demonstrated a significant difference in the prevalence of FMS between the geographical areas (P = 0.007). The meta-regression model indicated that the prevalence of FMS is lower with higher latitude and higher MS prevalence (P < 0.001). In contrast, meta-regression based on prevalence day was not statistically significant (P = 0.29).

Conclusions

The prevalence of FMS is higher in the pediatric group than that of adults, distinct between geographical areas, and diminishes with the increment of MS prevalence and latitude. Also, the symptoms initiate relatively at younger ages in the FMS cases. Interestingly, our analysis unveiled that FMS is not more prevalent in men than women and the risk of MS development in relatives is not higher when the affected proband is male.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-021-02267-9.

Keywords: Familial multiple sclerosis, Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis, Systematic review, Meta-analysis

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, is the most common cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in a range of age groups especially young adults and afflicts more than 2.5 million individuals in the world [1]. Both genetic variations and environmental factors partake synergistically in the development of MS. The effect size of genetic risk factors ranges from small to modest. For instance, HLA-DRB1*15:01, as the major genetic determinant, has an odds ratio (OR) ~ 3.5, which increases to 8 in homozygous carriers [2, 3] The identified environmental risk triggers for MS development subsumes distance from the equator (latitude), vitamin D deficiency, lack of sunlight, smoking, obesity, and most importantly infection by Epstein-Barr virus, which is the largest environmental risk (OR ~ 3.6) [4]. The heterogeneous distribution of MS in distinct populations has been attributed to the interplay between different genetic backgrounds and environmental exposures [5].

The earliest report of the existence of MS in more than one family member (familial MS or FMS) dates back to 1938 [6]. In the years since then, many studies have revealed the prevalence of FMS in many populations. All of them considered FMS as the occurrence of the same disease in at least one any-degree relative of patients. However, two nationwide register-based studies in Denmark did not consider the presence of MS in distant relatives comprising 2nd or 3rd-degree relatives as FMS cases [7, 8].

In this study, we aimed to perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis about the worldwide prevalence of FMS by the addition of new studies. In contrast to the previous study [9], we conducted a separate meta-analysis on the prevalence of FMS in pediatric-onset MS (POMS) and adult-onset MS (AOMS) as well as men and women. Also, subgroup analysis based on geographical area, and meta-regression based on latitude, prevalence date, and MS prevalence was conducted. In addition, we accomplished a meta-analysis of sex ratio and mean age of onset among FMS cases.

Methods

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [10] were recruited to perform the present systematic review focusing on the prevalence of FMS in the world. Each process of research was done independently by two investigators and disagreements were resolved by discussion with the third author.

Search strategy

We accomplished a comprehensive search in PubMed, Scopus, and the ISI Web of Science up to 20 December 2020. Boolean operators (AND & OR) were utilized to search by a combination of these keywords: “multiple sclerosis”, “familial”, “epidemiology”, “prevalence”, “incidence”, “recurrence” and “frequency”. The details of the search strategy are documented in Additional file 1. Finally, Google Scholar was searched to find further works. No language or date restriction was applied to the literature search. We manually checked the reference lists of obtained articles to not miss any additional documents.

Eligibility criteria

For defining the criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies, we employed the CoCoPop approach (condition, context, and population) which is used for systematic reviews of prevalence studies [11]. According to this approach, the original studies with available full-text that have investigated the prevalence of MS in full biological relatives of patients with definite MS (not probable, possible, or suspected), and have been conducted in a specific region, time, and target population were enrolled. The reason behind the criteria for definite MS is that some neurological disorders mimic MS. The studies in the same region but with different time periods and sample frames were also included. Studies with duplicate data were excluded.

Data extraction

By using a pre-prepared sheet, these data were collected from the eligible studies: first author’s last name, publication year, prevalence day or period (the time point or period that the FMS prevalence was determined), setting and case ascertainment, the place of the research, diagnostic criteria of probands, the method for the ascertainment of MS in relatives, the number of FMS cases and total patients, mean age of disease onset in probands, the prevalence of MS, the number of POMS in FMS cases, geographical area, and sex ratio of probands. For providing insight into the difference between the prevalence of FMS in adults and pediatrics, the studies that reported FMS prevalence in AOMS and POMS separately were considered as two different data sets.

Quality assessment

For assessing the methodological quality of included studies, Joanna Briggs Institute’s critical appraisal tool was exploited which comprises 9 questions [12]. If the answer to a question was “Yes”, 1 score was considered. Points 0–5, 6–7, and 8–9 were regarded as low, moderate, and high quality, respectively. The minimum score for enrolment of the studies was 5. This was because, in some of the studies with a 5 score, one or more quality parameters were ambiguous. In other words, these studies had borderline quality and could be regarded as studies with moderate quality.

Statistical analysis

For choosing between random-effects and fixed-effects models, heterogeneity of studies was evaluated by Cochran’s Q and I2 tests. For verification of the stability of data, a sensitivity analysis was performed. In addition to a meta-analysis of the prevalence of FMS in all studies, a separate analysis was implemented on studies that reported, separately, the prevalence of FMS in AOMS and POMS cases and males and females. By using the number of FMS and total MS in male and female groups, we calculated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI of prevalence to estimate the effect of gender. To find the underlying cause of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis was performed based on geographical area and meta-regression was carried out in terms of latitude, MS prevalence, and prevalence day. We assessed the publication bias by using Begg and Egger’s tests. Comprehensive meta-analysis ver. 2 software was utilized for analysis and statistical significance was set at a p-value< 0.05.

Results

Literature search and characteristics

Collectively, database and manual search led to the finding of 739 and 7 records, respectively. Obtaining only 7 additional works by manual search indicates that our search strategy was robust and did not affect the integrity of our review. After removal of duplicates, initial screening was performed based on titles and abstracts which left 119 articles for assessment of the full-text. Of these, 73 articles were excluded for these reasons (Additional file 2): six had duplicate data, three considered more than one specific region, six did not determine the prevalence day, five reported the data in a combination of Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO), acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) and MS cases, two were performed in two or more populations and time periods, one without available of the full-text, 25 with the inclusion of probable and/or possible cases, 24 low-quality studies and one with no determination of the target population. Finally, 49 studies from 46 articles with a sample size of 16,179 FMS cases were included in our analysis (Fig. 1). The characteristics of these studies are represented in Table 1. The eligible articles have been published from 1984 to 2020 and regardless of six studies, the rest of included studies had a cross-sectional design.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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Flowchart of study selection through the systematic search

Table 1.

The characteristics of included studies

First author, Published Yeara Prevalence day or period Setting/ case ascertainment Place Diagnostic criteria of probands Tool for ascertainment of MS in relatives Number of probands /Sample size Mean age of MS onset in probands FMS Prevalence (%) MS Prevalence (Per 100,000) Latitudec POMS in probands (Below 18 or 16 yr.) Geographical area Sex ratio of probands (F/M) Quality score
Salehi, 2020a [13] 1999–2018 Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system Tehran, Iran McDonaldb Questionnaire 2506/ 18,945 28.49 ± 8.79 13.2 148 35°44′N Nobody Middle East NR 9
Salehi, 2020b [13] 1999–2018 Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system Tehran, Iran McDonald Questionnaire 220/1391 NR 15.8 148 35°44′N All < 18 Middle East NR 9
Dorche, 2020 [14] 2004–2018 Cross-sectional/ Neurology clinic Shiraz, Iran McDonald Medical records 48/871

M: 26.4 ± 9.7

F: 24.3 ± 10.5

 5.5 63.4 29.59°N NR Middle East NR 5
Ceccarelli, 2020 [15] 2015–2017 Cross-sectional/ Single-center Hospital Abu Dhabi, UAE McDonald Questionnaire 24/98 28.9 ± 10.7 24.5 7 24°28′N Nobody Middle East 1.6 5
AlJumah, 2020 [16] 2015–2018 Cross-sectional/ National registry Saudi Arabia McDonald Questionnaire 315/2465 26.81 ± 8.98 12.8 41 23.88° N NR Middle East 1.9 5
Steenhof, 2019a [7] 1960–2016 Cross-sectional/ Danish MS Registry Denmark Allison/Millar, Poser and/or McDonald Medical records 1122/ 18,095 NR 6.2 282 56° 00 N Nobody Europe 1.9 6
Steenhof, 2019b [8] 1994–2014 Cross-sectional/ Danish MS Registry Denmark Poser and McDonald Medical records 531/7402 NR 7.2 282 56° 00 N Nobody Europe 2.1 7
Mohebi, 2019 [17] 1989–2016 Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system Tehran, Iran McDonald Questionnaire 2260/ 18,061 28.03 ± 8.69 12.52 116 35°44′N 8.18 < 18 Middle East 2.80 8
Eskandarieh, 2019 [18] 1999–2017 Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system Tehran, Iran

Before 2001 = Poser

After 2001 = McDonald

 Questionnaire 288/1937 15.87 ± 2.28 14.9 148.06 35°44′N All ≤18 Middle East 3.05 8
Abbasi, 2019 [19] 2017–2018 Cross-sectional/ Ardabil MS Registry Ardabil, Iran McDonald Medical records 85/611 NR 14 59.37 38°15′N NR Middle East 2.7 6
Yamamoto, 2018 [20] 2002–2015 Cross-sectional/ academic institution Cleveland, Ohio, USA McDonald Medical records 19/60 NR 32 288 41°30′N All < 18 North America NR 5
Viswanathan, 2018 [21] 2009–2017 Cross-sectional/ three major neurology departments (either clinics or wards) Malaysia McDonald Medical records 6/123 NR 4.9 3 2°30′N NR Southeast Asia NR 7
Omrani, 2018 [22] 2005–2015 Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system Tehran, Iran McDonald Questionnaire 50/300 NR 16.7 115.94 35°44′N All < 18 Middle East NR 7
Eskandarieh, 2018a [23] 1991–2017 Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system Tehran, Iran

Before 2001 = Poser

After 2001 = McDonald

 Questionnaire 2547/ 19,902 NR 12.8 148.06 35°44′N NR Middle East NR 6
Eskandarieh, 2018b [24] 1999–2015 Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system Tehran, Iran

Poser (up to 2001)

McDonald (after 2001)

 Questionnaire 1793/ 13,968 NR 12.8 115.94 35°44′N Nobody Middle East NR 8
Eskandarieh, 2018c [24] 1999–2015 Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system Tehran, Iran

Poser (up to 2001)

McDonald (after 2001)

 Questionnaire 242/1647 NR 14.7 115.94 35°44′N All < 18 Middle East NR 8
Eskandarieh, 2017a [25] 2014–2015 Cross-sectional / Iranian MS Society registry system Tehran, Iran McDonald Questionnaire 207/1495 NR 13.8 101.39 35°44′N NR Middle East NR 7
Eskandarieh, 2017b [26] 2013–2014 Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system Tehran, Iran McDonald or Poser Questionnaire 174/1234 NR 14.1 101.39 35°44′N NR Middle East NR 6
Schiess, 2016 [27] 2010–2014 Cross-sectional/ Multi-center Hospital Abu Dhabi, UAE McDonald Questionnaire 32/257 NR 12.4 64.44 24°28′N NR Middle East NR 6
Rojas, 2016 [28] 2016 Cross-sectional/ 14 MS Centers Argentina McDonald, Poser Questionnaire 97/1333 29.4 ± 5.1 7.3 25 34°00′S NR South America 1.5 8
Mazdeh, 2016 [29] 2013 Cross-sectional/ Single-center Hospital Hamadan, Iran McDonald Questionnaire 103/1202 NR 8.57 61 34°52′N NR Middle East 3.2 5
Etemadifar, 2016a [30] 2003–2013 Cross-sectional/ Isfahan MS Society registry system Isfahan, Iran McDonald Medical records 650/4315 NR 15 58.7 32°39′N Nobody Middle East NR 6
Etemadifar, 2016b [30] 2003–2013 Cross-sectional/ Isfahan MS Society registry system Isfahan, Iran McDonald Medical records 22/221 NR 9.9 58.7 32°39′N All ≤16 Middle East NR 6
Alifirova, 2016 [31] 1980–2014 Cross-sectional/ Tomsk MS registry system Tomsk, Russia McDonald Medical records 15/320 26.05 ± 9.91 4.7 50 56°30′N NR Europe NR 7
Abedini, 2016 [32] 2013–2014 Cross-sectional/ Mazandaran MS Society registry system Mazandaran, Iran McDonald Questionnaire 33/152 NR 21.7 57 36°12′N NR Middle East NR 6
Papais-Alvarenga, 2015 [33] 1990–2011 Cross-sectional/ Single-center Hospital Río de Janeiro State, Brazil McDonald McDonald 40/653 28.5 ± 10.57 6.12 15 22° 55′ S 6 (15%) < 18 South America 4 9
Toghianifar, 2014 [34] 2011 Cross sectional/ Isfahan MS Society registry system Isfahan, Iran McDonald Questionnaire 430/3911 29.7 ± 9.6 11 35 32°39′N 59 (13.7%) ≤19 Middle East 2.61 8
Reinhardt, 2014 [35] 2009–2011 Cohort/ German MS Society registry system Germany McDonald Questionnaire 17/122 NR 13.9 210 51.51°N All ≤15 Europe NR 6
Hader, 2014 [36] 1977–2012 Cohort/ Local MS registry Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Allison and Millar,Schumacher Questionnaire 49/150

M: 27.6 ± 8.4

F: 26.8 ± 8.5

 32.7 110 52°10′N NR North America 2.8 7
Alroughani, 2014 [37] 2009–2012 Cross-sectional/ two MS clinics Kuwait McDonald Medical records 98/736 NR 13.32 83 29° 30′ N NR Middle East NR 7
Tipirneni, 2013 [38] 2006 Cross-sectional/ 15 MS treatment centers New York, USA McDonald Questionnaire 196/758 36.2 ± 9.6 25.9 135 42°53′N NR North America 3.5 8
Saman-Nezhad, 2013 [39] 2012 Cross-sectional/ Kermanshah MS Society registry system Kermanshah, Iran McDonald Medical records 14/448 NR 3.1 43.3 34°23′N NR Middle East NR 6
Rezaali, 2013 [40] 2011 Cross-sectional/ Qom MS Society registry system Qom, Iran Poser and McDonald Medical records and questionnaire 64/572 NR 11.2 50.4 34°40′N NR Middle East NR 7
Hashemilar, 2011 [41] 2005–2009 Cross-sectional/ CDTMS registry East Azerbaijan, Iran McDonald Medical records 71/1000 NR 7.1 27.7 37°20′N NR Middle East 1.6 6
Banwell, 2011 [42] 2004–2010 Cohort/ 16 pediatric health-care facilities and seven regional health-care facilities Canada McDonald Questionnaire 10/63 NR 16 281 60° 00 N All < 16 North America NR 6
Ashtari, 2011 [43] 2007 Cross-sectional/ MS clinics of University Isfahan, Iran McDonald Questionnaire 119/593 29.2 ± 9 20.1 43.5 32°39′N NR Middle East 3.76 6
Sahraian, 2010 [44] 2002–2008 Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system Tehran, Iran McDonald and Poser Questionnaire 773/8146 NR 9.5 51.9 32° 00′ N NR Middle East NR 6
Kułakowska, 2010 [45] 2008–2009 Cross-sectional/ 21 centers providing MS treatment Poland McDonald Questionnaire 184/2871 NR 6.4 57 52° 00′ N NR Europe NR 6
Yamout, 2008 [46] 2005–2007 Cohort/ Lebanese registry of MS Lebanon McDonald Medical records and questionnaire 10/202 NR 5 25 33°00′N Nobody Middle East NR 5
Taraghi, 2007 [47] 2005–2006 Cross-sectional/ Mazandaran MS Association Mazandaran, Iran McDonald Questionnaire 7/101 NR 7 27.9 36°30′N NR Middle East NR 5
Saadatnia, 2007 [48] 2003–2006 Cross-sectional/ Isfahan MS Society registry system Isfahan, Iran McDonald Medical records 209/1718 NR 12.2 43.8 32°39′N NR Middle East 2.7 7
Fricska-Nagy, 2007 [49] 2004 Cross-sectional/ five Hungarian MS centers Hungary McDonald Medical records 33/1500 NR 2.2 62 47° 00′ N NR Europe 2.6 6
Peterlin, 2006 [50] 1999 Cross-sectional/ National registry and multi-center clinics Gorski kotar– Kočevje, neighboring regions of the Republics of Croatia and Slovenia, respectively Poser’s Medical records 25/87 NR 28.7 151.9 45° 15′ N NR Europe NR 7
Etemadifar, 2006 [51] 2004–2005 Cross-sectional/ Isfahan MS Society registry system Isfahan, Iran McDonald Questionnaire and medical records 161/1391 NR 11.6 35.5 32°39′N NR Middle East NR 7
Deryck, 2006 [52] 1987–2003 Cohort/ National MS Centre and Neurology department of the University Belgium Poser Medical records 9/49 NR 18.4 68 50° 50′ N All < 16 Europe NR 6
Ebers, 2000 [53] 1972–1997 Cohort/ University Clinic London, Ontario, Canada Poser Questionnaire and medical records 208/1044 NR 19.9 160 42°59′N NR North America 1.8 5
Gonzalez, 1995 [54] 1973–1992 Cross-sectional/ National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Mexico Poser Medical records 9/272 NR 3.3 1.6 19.00° N NR Central America NR 6
Hader, 1988 [55] 1974–1983 Cross-sectional, Multi-center Hospital London, Ontario, Canada Schumacher Medical records and Questionnaire 39/229 NR 17 88 42°59′N NR North America NR 7
Wikstrom, 1984 [56] 1964–1979 Cross-sectional/ Both national registry and central hospitals Jalasjarvi District of Vaasa, Finland Schumacher Questionnaire 15/51 33.7 ± 8.7 29.4 101 63.09° N NR Europe NR 6
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yr Year, NR not reported

aRepetitive studies have provided the data for both pediatric-onset and adult-onset MS

bIn studies spanning decades, a mixed version of MacDonald criteria were used

cThe information on latitude was gathered from this website: https://www.mapsofworld.com/

Meta-analysis of whole data

Because of high total heterogeneity (Q = 1662.2, I2 = 97.112% and P < 0.001), a random-effects model was used. The polled prevalence of FMS was estimated to be 11.8% (95% CI: 10.7–13) of the total MS population (Fig. 2). The highest and lowest prevalence was found in Saskatchewan of Canada (32.7%) [36] and Hungary (2.2%) [49], respectively. The sensitivity analysis indicated our robust pooled estimate (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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The prevalence of FMS (Heterogeneity: I2 = 97.112%, P < 0.001, Random effects)

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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Forest plot of sensitivity analysis

Meta-analysis of mean age of onset in AOMS and prevalence of FMS in AOMS and POMS

The pooled mean age of disease onset in AOMS probands of 15 studies (n = 6114) that reported this variable was 28.7 years (95% CI: 27.2 ± 30.2) (Fig. 4). In this regard, the lowest and highest age of disease onset was recorded in Shiraz city of Iran (24.3 years) and New York of USA (36.2 years), respectively. In 13 studies that reported the data of AOMS (n = 6636) and POMS (n = 877), the FMS prevalence in AOMS was 10.8% (95% CI: 8.1–14.2) and in POMS was 15.5% (95% CI: 13.8–17.4), respectively (Fig. 5). The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.019).

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

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Mean age of disease onset in FMS cases

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

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The prevalence of FMS in POMS and AOMS cases

Meta-analysis of FMS prevalence in men and women and OR of male/female

Nine studies provided the data of FMS and sporadic cases for men and women separately. Therefore, it was possible to calculate FMS prevalence for each sex separately. With regard to data of the 9 studies, the prevalence of FMS in affected males (n = 5243) and females (n = 11,503) was calculated to be 13.7% (95% CI: 10.1–18.2) and 15.4% (95% CI: 10.3–22.4), respectively (Fig. 6). In Fig. 6, in each study, the first number is the number of FMS cases and the second number is the number of FMS plus sporadic cases (both in that particular gender). For instance, in the study of AlJumah et al., 107 men and 208 women with FMS and 710 men and 1440 women with sporadic MS were recruited [16]; therefore, the rate of FMS in men and women was calculated to be 107/817 (710 + 107) and 208/1648 (208 + 1440), respectively. The OR of male/female in FMS cases was not statistically significant (OR = 0.9; 95% CI: 0.6–1.2, P = 0.55) (Fig. 7). In Additional file 3, detailed data of each 9 studies and how the odds ratio was calculated is presented.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

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The prevalence of FMS in men (A) and women (B)

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7

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The OR of male/female among FMS cases

Subgroup analysis and meta-regression

Subgroup analysis revealed a significant difference in the prevalence of FMS between the geographical areas (Test for subgroup differences: Q = 12.070, df(Q) = 3, P = 0.007) (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8

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The prevalence of FMS in different geographical areas

The meta-regression model showed that FMS prevalence was significantly lower in higher latitude (meta-regression coefficient: -0.025, 95% CI: − 0.027 to − 0.023, P < 0.001) (Fig. 9A). Similarly, a slight downward trend was observed with higher MS prevalence (meta-regression coefficient: -0.0018, 95% CI: − 0.0021 to − 0.0016, P < 0.001) (Fig. 9B). While, meta-regression based on prevalence day was not statistically significant (meta-regression coefficient: -0.002, 95% CI: − 0.005 to 0.001, P = 0.29) (Fig. 9C).

Fig. 9.

Fig. 9

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Meta-regression analysis of FMS prevalence in terms of latitude (meta-regression coefficient: -0.025, 95% CI: -0.027 to -0.023, P< 0.001) (A), MS prevalence (meta-regression coefficient: -0.0018, 95% CI: -0.0021 to -0.0016, P< 0.001) (B), and prevalence day (meta-regression coefficient: -0.002, 95% CI: -0.005 to 0.001, P=0.29) (C)

Publication bias

No publication bias was found in our analysis (Egger = 0.98, and Begg’s = 0.25) as depicted in the funnel plot (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10.

Fig. 10

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Funnel plot of publication bias

Discussion

The results of a previous meta-analysis indicated that MS can run in families [57]. The pooled prevalence of FMS in our study (11.8%) (Fig. 2) was lower than the previous meta-analysis (12.6%) [9]. Hence, we performed a meta-regression analysis based on prevalence day to examine if the prevalence of the FMS has been decreased over time. Our results showed a non-significant lowering trend (Fig. 9C). Hence, it seems that the worldwide frequency of FMS is steady-state over time. Nonetheless, some studies in middle-east have reported the increasing [13, 24] or decreasing [16] prevalence of FMS over time. The overwhelming majority of the studies have been performed in a cross-sectional setting; while, a sufficiently long follow-up period is needed to evaluate the development of the disease in new members of the relatives. In this regard, cohort studies could be well suited on the account of a longer time period for the accumulation of new cases in the family.

POMS is defined as the manifestation of MS symptoms under the age of 16 or 18 [58]. According to our analysis, the frequency of FMS in POMS was higher than AOMS (Fig. 5). However, only 3 to 10% of sporadic cases have been reported to be POMS [59]. This informs us that increased genetic load may be a pivotal feature of POMS and the family history of MS could be a crucial contributing factor for POMS predisposition. Considering that association between HLA-DRB1*15:01 and age at onset shows a 10.6 months reduction in age at onset with each DRB1*15:01 allele [60], the difference between POMS and AOMS could be attributed to the higher frequency of DRB1*15:01 in POMS compared with AOMS [61]. By considering follow-up time bias, it seems that the prevalence of FMS is underestimated in the pediatric group due to not emergence of this disease in relatives especially siblings at the time of the study, at least in cross-sectional studies.

The mean age of onset in adult probands with FMS was estimated to be 28.7 (Fig. 4), which indicates an earlier age of onset among FMS cases in comparison to sporadic cases [7, 62]. This highlights the point that the preclinical phase of the disease would be shortened in cases with higher genetic load and consequently, symptoms initiate at a lower age at onset. In this regard, as previously mentioned, several studies have indicated that HLA, especially HLA-DRB1*15:01, is the main genetic influence on age of disease onset [63–65].

Given the concept of the “carter effect” [66], we set out to investigate the notion that in male MS patients, the prevalence of FMS is more than in females patients, as well as transmission to other members of the family, is higher when the affected individual is male. However, the prevalence of FMS in male and female cases and OR of male/female FMS cases did not confirm this theory (Figs. 6 and 7). This represents that a greater than average background of susceptibility factors in an affected male which is the less frequently affected sex does not increase the occurrence of the MS in relatives. On the contrary, a higher prevalence of FMS and positive family in males than that in females was seen in the Iranian population [67]. Regarding this discrepancy, we acknowledge that the low sample size for scrutinizing the effect of sex may lead to this interpretation.

Subgroup analysis unveiled that the distribution of FMS is different between geographical areas (Fig. 8). However, even between different studies in the same geographical area, the FMS prevalence is different, mirroring that this difference is more complicated than can be explained only by just differences in susceptibility between racial and ethnic groups. Also, this finding could justify the high heterogeneity between studies, at least in part. Relevantly, other meta-analysis indicated different FMS prevalence in Iran (8.9%) [67] and the Middle East North Africa region (17.8%) [68].

It is expected that with the increasing prevalence of sporadic MS, the frequency of FMS rises, as well. Quite interestingly, our meta-regression analysis revealed a weak decreasing trend of FMS with higher MS prevalence (Fig. 9A). In the same vein, meta-regression in terms of latitude disclosed that the prevalence of FMS is decreased in conjunction with an increment of latitude (Fig. 9B); although, traditionally, MS has been more prevalent in regions at higher latitudes with decreased sunlight exposure [69]. Intriguingly, without conducting a statistical analysis, Harirchian and coworkers concluded that the prevalence of FMS was not latitude dependent. We addressed this issue in our study and found that at odds with the previous study the prevalence of FMS is latitude dependent. Thereby, we hypothesized that with the increasing frequency of MS in a region, the public awareness and familiarity of the people, especially genetic counselors, with the disease grows, too. Therefore, the rate of marriages in which one or both sides have one or more affected members reduces. This, in turn, lowers the shared genetic variants in families. On the other hand, the rate of consanguineous marriage as a predictor of positive family history of MS [16], will most probably be diminished in regions with a high outbreak of this disease.

In comparison to the previous systematic review [9], the strengths of our study were recruiting of a quality assessment tool for inclusion of studies, no limitation of language for searching of articles, uncovering the prevalence of FMS in different geographical areas, in POMS and AOMS cases, and men and women, unveiling the relationship between the prevalence of FMS and prevalence day, MS prevalence and latitude, determining the mean age of the disease onset in adult probands and the effect of gender on FMS occurrence. However, we acknowledge that it would have been better if other databases such as Embase had been examined. Notwithstanding, there are some issues in the included studies which mostly are derived from the retrospective design. For instance, recall bias could occur when the presence of affected relatives is assessed by employing questionnaires and medical records which hinges on patients’ self-reporting. This might result in the under-diagnosis of distant relatives. On the other hand, the diversity in case ascertainment methodology namely population (registry or community)-based or clinical (hospital)-based may cause the sampling bias.

Conclusion

In summary, the findings of this study demonstrated that the prevalence of FMS is higher in POMS cases than that of AOMS, is different between geographical areas, and reduces with the higher MS prevalence and latitude. Likewise, the symptoms embark relatively at lower ages in FMS probands of AOMS. Unexpectedly, the prevalence of FMS was not more prevalent in men than women and the risk of MS development in relatives was not higher when the affected proband was male. For preventing biases, we suggest that future studies be performed as longitudinal prospective to provide time for the development of new cases in relatives. Also, the reported affected members of the family must be reexamined by neurologists.

Supplementary Information

12883_2021_2267_MOESM1_ESM.docx (30.7KB, docx)

Additional file 1. The search strategy that was used in the databases.

12883_2021_2267_MOESM2_ESM.docx (27.7KB, docx)

Additional file 2. Excluded studies with reason.

12883_2021_2267_MOESM3_ESM.docx (45.5KB, docx)

Additional file 3. The data of 9 studies that provided the number of familial and sporadic cases for men and women to calculate the prevalence of FMS separately for each gender and also the odds ratio (Section 3.4).

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

MS

Multiple sclerosis

FMS

Familial multiple sclerosis

POMS

Pediatric-onset MS

AOMS

Adult-onset MS

PRISMA

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

CoCoPop

Condition, context, and population

OR

Odds ratio

Authors’ contributions

NE performed writing, supervision, conceptualization, and review. MZR accomplished data curation, formal analysis, and editing. MM conducted data curation and formal analysis. All authors have read and reviewed critically and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Footnotes

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

12883_2021_2267_MOESM1_ESM.docx (30.7KB, docx)

Additional file 1. The search strategy that was used in the databases.

12883_2021_2267_MOESM2_ESM.docx (27.7KB, docx)

Additional file 2. Excluded studies with reason.

12883_2021_2267_MOESM3_ESM.docx (45.5KB, docx)

Additional file 3. The data of 9 studies that provided the number of familial and sporadic cases for men and women to calculate the prevalence of FMS separately for each gender and also the odds ratio (Section 3.4).

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

Articles from BMC Neurology are provided here courtesy of BMC

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