Jorge A Masso-Silva
Jorge A Masso-Silva, PhD
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego
Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
1,2,#,
Alexander Moshensky
Alexander Moshensky, BS
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego
Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
1,2,#,
Michael T Y Lam
Michael T Y Lam, MD PhD
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
3The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
2,3,
Mazen Odish
Mazen Odish, MD
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
2,
Arjun Patel
Arjun Patel, MD
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego
Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
1,2,
Le Xu
Le Xu, PhD
8Department of Pathology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA
92093, USA
8,
Emily Hansen
Emily Hansen, MS
4Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA,
USA
4,
Samantha Trescott
Samantha Trescott, BS
4Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA,
USA
4,
Celina Nguyen
Celina Nguyen, BS
4Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA,
USA
4,
Roy Kim
Roy Kim, BS
4Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA,
USA
4,
Katherine Perofsky
Katherine Perofsky, MD
4Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA,
USA
10Department of Pediatrics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA
92093, USA
4,10,
Samantha Perera
Samantha Perera
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego
Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
1,2,
Lauren Ma
Lauren Ma, BS
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego
Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
1,2,
Josephine Pham
Josephine Pham
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego
Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
1,2,
Mark Rolfsen
Mark Rolfsen, MD
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
2,
Jarod Olay
Jarod Olay, MS
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego
Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
1,2,
John Shin
John Shin, BS
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego
Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
1,2,
Jennifer M Dan
Jennifer M Dan, MD PhD
5Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine,
UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
6La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La
Jolla, CA, USA
5,6,
Robert Abbott
Robert Abbott, PhD
6La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La
Jolla, CA, USA
6,
Sydney Ramirez
Sydney Ramirez, MD PhD
5Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine,
UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
6La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La
Jolla, CA, USA
5,6,
Thomas H Alexander
Thomas H Alexander, , MD MHSc
7Division of Head & Neck Surgery, Scripps Clinic, La
Jolla, CA, USA
7,
Grace Y Lin
Grace Y Lin, MD
8Department of Pathology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA
92093, USA
8,
Ana Lucia Fuentes
Ana Lucia Fuentes, MD
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego
Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
1,2,
Ira Advani
Ira Advani, BS
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego
Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
1,2,
Deepti Gunge
Deepti Gunge, BS
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego
Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
1,2,
Victor Pretorius
Victor Pretorius, MBChB, MD
9Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery,
Department of Surgery, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
9,
Atul Malhotra
Atul Malhotra, MD
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
2,
Xin Sun
Xin Sun, PhD
10Department of Pediatrics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA
92093, USA
10,
Jason Duran
Jason Duran, MD PhD
11Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine,
UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
11,
Mark Hepokoski
Mark Hepokoski, MD
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
2,
Shane Crotty
Shane Crotty, PhD
6La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La
Jolla, CA, USA
6,
Nicole G Coufal
Nicole G Coufal, MD PhD
4Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA,
USA
4,
Angela Meier
Angela Meier, MD PhD
12Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care,
UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
12,#,✉,
Laura E Crotty Alexander
Laura E Crotty Alexander, MD
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego
Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
1,2,#,✉
1Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, VA San Diego
Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
2Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,
Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD),
La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
3The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
4Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA,
USA
5Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine,
UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
6La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La
Jolla, CA, USA
7Division of Head & Neck Surgery, Scripps Clinic, La
Jolla, CA, USA
8Department of Pathology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA
92093, USA
9Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery,
Department of Surgery, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
10Department of Pediatrics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA
92093, USA
11Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine,
UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
12Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care,
UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
✉Corresponding author: Laura E. Crotty Alexander
lca@ucsd.edu 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, MC 9111J, San Diego,
CA 92161, USA, phone 619-438-4207, FAX 858-552-7592
✉Alternate corresponding author: Angela Meier
anmeier@ucsd.edu 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, MC 9111J, San
Diego, CA 92161, USA, phone 617-595-3595
#J.A.M.S and A.M contributed equally
#A.M and L.E.C.A contributed equally
Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious
Diseases Society of America 2021. This work is written by (a) US Government
employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.
This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the
public domain in the US.
This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.
