RNA-binding protein CELF2 inhibits breast cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis by downregulating NFATc1

Abstract

Breast cancer constitutes a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women in China and worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether CUGBP Elav-like family member 2 (CELF2) could inhibit breast cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis by downregulating nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) expression. The expression of CELF2 and NFATc1 in breast cancer cells and tissues was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis. H&E staining was used to assess the number of microvessels in tumor tissue. The expression of proteins associated with invasion and angiogenesis and NFATc1 in tumor tissues and transfected cells was examined by western blotting. RNA pull-down assay was used to verify the interaction between CELF2 and NFATc1. Cell proliferation, invasion and tube-forming ability was analyzed using Cell Counting Kit-8, Transwell and HUVEC tube formation assays, respectively. CELF2 expression was found to be decreased in breast cancer cells, whereas CELF2 overexpression suppressed the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells and inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis. Furthermore, CELF2 overexpression decreased the expression of N-cadherin (N-cad), CD34 and NFATc1 in tumor tissues, whereas NEAFc1 overexpression increased the expression of N-cad and NFATc1 in MCF cells transfected with OverExp-CELF2. CELF2 was found to be inversely associated with NFATc1, and NFATc1 overexpression reversed the effects of CELF2 overexpression. In conclusion, the findings of the present study demonstrated that CELF2 may inhibit breast cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis by downregulating NFATc1.

Introduction

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among women. The incidence of breast cancer has been increasing annually and it poses a major threat to the survival and quality of life of the patients (1). The three most common types of cancer in women include breast, lung and colorectal cancer, accounting for 50% of all new cancer diagnoses. Breast cancer alone accounts for 30% of all cancers in women, and its incidence is rising at a modest rate of ~0.3% annually (2). In 2015, breast cancer was the most common cancer diagnosed among Chinese women aged 30-59 years, and it was the main cause of cancer-related mortality among women aged <45 years in China. Furthermore, the morbidity and mortality rates of breast cancer in China are continuously increasing (3). Therefore, continued research is crucial for identifying effective therapeutic targets for patients with breast cancer.

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), a transcription factor found in T lymphocytes, was originally considered to be a gene regulating T-cell activation (4). The NFAT family consists of multiple members, including NFATc1 (also known as NFAT2), NFATc2 (NFAT1), NFATc3 (NFAT4) and NFATc4 (NFAT3), which are located in the cytoplasm of immune cells in a highly phosphorylated state (5). Once the cell is stimulated, NFATc1 responds to Ca²⁺-calmodulin signaling by dephosphorylation, and nuclear translocation occurs simultaneously (6). Accumulating evidence has shown that the activation of NFAT signaling does not only promote the occurrence and development of hematological malignancies, but can also accelerate the development of solid tumors. High expression of NFATc1 has been observed in lung, liver and pancreatic cancer (7,8). A recent study also reported that NFATc1 was found to be highly expressed in breast cancer, and that NFATc1 knockdown reduced the proliferation of tumor cells and promoted their apoptosis, which may be due to the effect of the Ras homolog family member A/Rho-associated protein kinase pathway (9).

RNA-binding protein (RBP) is a general term for ubiquitous proteins that can bind to RNA. RBPs bind specifically to RNA and directly or indirectly regulate its function (10). The ENCORI database (http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn/index.php) predicted that CUGBP Elav-like family member 2 (CELF2) is an RBP targeting NFATc1 and that it may exert a regulatory effect on its expression. The expression of CELF2 is low in breast cancer due to epigenetic changes, and CELF2 has been shown to possess anticancer properties and inhibit tumor progression (11). However, studies and experimental verification of its relevant mechanisms of action are currently lacking.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism underlying the anticancer effects of CELF2, and preliminarily evaluate the underlying mechanism by observing the regulatory association between this RBP and the NFAT pathway in breast cancer.

Materials and methods

Cell culture and transfection

The MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells, the BT-20, T47D, MCF-7 and BT-549 breast cancer cell lines, and HUVECs, were provided by the American Type Culture Collection.

MCF-10A, BT-20, T47D, MCF-7 and BT-549 cells were cultured, digested and passaged in 90% RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS (both from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). MCF-7 cells at the logarithmic growth phase were uniformly inoculated into a 6-well plate. When the cell confluence had reached ~80%, cells were transfected with empty vector (negative control; NC; 60 nM), OverExp-CELF2 (60 nM) and OverExp-NFATc1 (60 nM) (all from Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd.) using Lipofectamine^® 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37˚C for 48 h, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Serum-free RPMI-1640 culture medium was used during transfection. Normal culture medium was replaced with RPMI-1640 containing 10% FBS at 6 h after transfection, and cells were used for subsequent experiments 48 h after transfection.

HUVECs were cultured in endothelial cell medium (ECM; ScienCell Research Laboratories, Inc.). When the cell confluence had reached ~80%, HUVECs were transfected with empty vector (NC; 60 nM), OverExp-CELF2 (60 nM) and OverExp-NFATc1 (60 nM) using Lipofectamine^® 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37˚C for 48 h, according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR analysis

A total of ~1x10⁵ MCF-7 cells per well were evenly inoculated into 6-well plates and cultured for 24 h. Total RNA was extracted from the cells using TRIzol^® reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and reverse-transcribed into cDNA using a PrimeScript RT Reagent kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Next, a TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to conduct qPCR to determine the relative expression of CELF2 and NFATc1. The thermocycling conditions were as follows: Initial denaturation at 95˚C for 30 sec, followed by 40 cycles at 95˚C for 25 sec, 60˚C for 35 sec and 72˚C for 35 sec. The following primer pairs were used for the qPCR: CELF2 forward, 5'-CTGGCGGGAAACAAACTCTG-3' and reverse, 5'-TCTAAGCCCTTGGCCTCCTC-3'; NFATc1 forward, 5'-CCACCGAGCCCACTACGAGA-3' and reverse, 5'-CAGGATTCCGGCACAGTCAAT-3'; GAPDH forward, 5'-AAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTCAAC-3' and reverse, 5'-GGGGTCATTGATGGCAACAATA-3'. mRNA levels were quantified using the 2^-ΔΔCq method and normalized to the internal reference gene GAPDH (12).

Xenograft model

MCF-7 cells cultured for 6 days were collected and a 1x10⁷/ml cell suspension was created using PBS. A total of 15 female BALB/c nude mice (age, 6-8 weeks; weight, 18-20 g) were housed in an environmentally controlled room (22±2˚C; 12-h light/dark cycle; 50-65% humidity) and were given free access to food and water. After being allowed to acclimate for 1 week, each mouse was subcutaneously injected with 1x10⁶ cells into the right armpit. Mouse weight and tumor diameter were measured once every 3 days after injection. The maximum tumor size obtained was <1,000 mm³. The experiment finished after 3 weeks, and the mice were euthanized with intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium and the tumors were resected. The animal experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jilin Cancer Hospital (approval no. JLCH2020-0052).

H&E staining

The tumor tissues were fixed in 10% neutral methylal for 24 h at room temperature and washed fully with flowing water. Following dehydration with 70, 80, 90, 95 and 100% ethanol, the tissues were transparentized with xylene, embedded in paraffin, cut into 4-µm sections and stained with H&E for 3 min at room temperature. The sections were then observed and images were captured using a light microscope (Olympus Corporation) at the magnification of x400.

Western blot analysis

The lysis products were extracted from tumor tissues and transfected cells using RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology), and the protein concentration was measured with a BCA protein assay kit. After high-temperature denaturation, the proteins (30 µg/lane) were loaded and separated via 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane. The membrane was then blocked with 5% skimmed milk powder for 2 h at room temperature, and incubated with antibodies against N-cadherin (N-cad; cat. no. ab76011; dilution, 1:5,000; Abcam), CD34 (cat. no. ab81289; dilution, 1:10,000; Abcam), NFATc1 (cat. no. ab124292; dilution, 1:5,000; Abcam) and GAPDH (cat. no. ab8245; dilution, 1:5,000; Abcam) overnight at 4˚C. Subsequently, the membrane was incubated with anti-rabbit HRP-linked IgG secondary antibody (1:1,000; cat. no. 7074) or anti-mouse HRP-linked IgG secondary antibody (1:1,000; cat. no. 7076) (both from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) at room temperature for 2 h. ECL solution (MilliporeSigma) was used for color development. Then, protein bands were examined using Image Lab™ software (cat. no. 1709690; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) and ImageJ software (v1.8.0.112; National Institutes of Health) was used for semi-quantitative protein analysis.

RNA pull-down assay

Briefly, HUVECs were lysed with 500 µl RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and incubated with biotinylated NFATc1 probes (Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd.) at 4˚C for 2 h. Then, 50 µl streptavidin magnetic beads (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) were added to each sample, which was incubated at 4˚C for 2 h. The beads were washed with lysis buffer and the binding proteins in the pull-down products were collected for use in the western blot analysis as aforementioned (13).

Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 assay

MCF-7 cells (4,000 cells/well) and HUVECs (1x10⁵ cells/well) were inoculated into a 96-well plate and cultured for 24 h after transfection. Then, 48 h after culture, 10 µl CCK-8 solution (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was added to each well and incubated at 37˚C for 1 h. The optical density at 450 nm was determined using a microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Transwell assay

The matrix glue was solidified in a cell incubator for 1 h after diluting with 50 µl basic glue in a small chamber. After transfection for 24 h, MCF-7 cells at the logarithmic growth phase were evenly inoculated into the upper chamber of a 24-well Transwell chamber with RPMI-1640 medium at a density of 5x10⁴ cells/well and cultured for 24 h at 37˚C. The lower chamber contained RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS. The cells in the upper surface of the filter (8-µm pore size) were removed with a cotton swab, and the cells invading to the lower surface of the filter were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 30 min at room temperature and stained with 0.2% crystal violet solution for 60 min at room temperature and counted at least six random microscopic fields under a light microscope (Olympus Corporation; magnification, x100).

HUVEC tube formation assay

HUVECs (5x10⁴/well) were added into 300 µl ECM and seeded on a 48-well plate coated with 300 µl Matrigel/well. After 2 days of incubation at 37˚C, tube formation in the Matrigel was observed under a phase-contrast microscope (magnification, x4).

Statistical analysis

SPSS 20.0 software (IBM Corp.) was used for analysis, and the quantitative data of normal distribution are presented as the mean ± SD from three experimental repeats. An unpaired t-test and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test were used for comparison between two and multiple groups, respectively. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

CELF2 expression is decreased in breast cancer cells

The protein expression level of CELF2 was found to be decreased in BT-20, MCF-7 and BT-549 cells, but was not notably different in T47D cells, compared with MCF-10A cells. Moreover, CELF2 expression was the lowest in MCF-7 cells; therefore, MCF-7 cells were selected for the subsequent experiments (Fig. 1A). After MCF-7 cells were transfected with OverExp-CELF2-#1/2, CELF2 expression markedly increased. It was found that CELF2 protein expression (Fig. 1B) and CELF2 mRNA expression (Fig. 1C) were both higher in the OverExp-CELF2-#1 group; thus, OverExp-CELF2-#1 was selected for subsequent experiments.

Figure 1.

CELF2 expression is decreased in breast cancer cells. (A) Protein expression of CELF2 in mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells was detected by western blot analysis. ^***P<0.001 vs. MCF-10A cells. (B) Protein expression of CELF2 in MCF-7 cells transfected with OverExp-CELF2-#1/2 was examined by western blot analysis. ^**P<0.01 and ^***P<0.001 vs. Con group. ^##P<0.01 and ^###P<0.001 vs. NC group. ^∆∆∆P<0.001 vs. OverExp-CELF2-#1 group. (C) mRNA expression of CELF2 in MCF-7 cells transfected with OverExp-CELF2-#1/2 was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis. ^***P<0.001 vs. Con group. ^###P<0.001 vs. NC group. ^∆∆∆P<0.001 vs. OverExp-CELF2-#1 group. CELF2, CUGBP Elav-like family member 2; Con, control; NC, negative control.

CELF2 overexpression inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis

Macroscopic images of the mice and tumors in the three groups are presented in Fig. 2A. CELF2 overexpression led to weight loss in the mice (Fig. 2B) and decrease in tumor volume from day 0 to day 21 (Fig. 2C). At the end of the experiment, tumor weight (Fig. 2D) and tumor volume (Fig. 2E) were decreased in the OverExp-CELF2 group. Furthermore, CELF2 overexpression decreased the number of microvessels in tumor tissues (Fig. 2F). The expression levels of N-cad, CD34 (angiogenesis-promoting factor) and NFATc1 were significantly reduced in the OverExp-CELF2 group (Fig. 2G).

Figure 2.

CELF2 overexpression inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis. (A) Mice and tumor in the three groups. (B) Mouse weight changed from day 0 to day 21. ^***P<0.001 vs. Con group. ^##P<0.01 and ^###P<0.001 vs. NC group. (C) Tumor volume changed from day 0 to day 21. ^**P<0.01 and ^***P<0.001 vs. Con group. ^#P<0.05 and ^###P<0.001 vs. NC group. (D) Tumor weight at day 21. ^***P<0.001 vs. Con group. ^###P<0.001 vs. NC group. (E) Tumor volume at day 21. ^***P<0.001 vs. Con group. ^###P<0.001 vs. NC group. (F) Angiogenesis was analyzed by HUVEC tube formation assay; scale bar, 100 µm. (G) Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of proteins associated with invasion and angiogenesis and NFATc1 in tumor tissues. ^**P<0.01 and ^***P<0.001 vs. Con group. ^##P<0.01 and ^###P<0.001 vs. NC group. CELF2, CUGBP Elav-like family member 2; NFATc1, nuclear factor of activated T cells 1; Con, control; NC, negative control.

CELF2 is combined with NFATc1

The RNA pull-down assay results demonstrated the association between CELF2 and NFATc1 (Fig. 3A). NFATc1 expression was increased in MCF-7 cells transfected with OverExp-NFATc1-#1/2, and NFATc1 expression was highest in the OverExp-NFATc1-#1 group. Therefore, OverExp-NFATc1-#1 was selected for the subsequent experiments (Fig. 3B).

Figure 3.

Association of CELF2 with NFATc1. (A) The association of CELF2 and NFATc1 was confirmed by RNA pull-down assay. (B) mRNA expression of NFATc1 in MCF-7 cells transfected with OverExp-NFATc1-#1/2 was examined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis. ^***P<0.001 vs. Con group. ^###P<0.001 vs. NC group. ^∆∆∆P<0.001 vs. OverExp-NFATc1-#1 group. CELF2, CUGBP Elav-like family member 2; NFATc1, nuclear factor of activated T cells 1; Con, control; NC, negative control.

CELF2 overexpression suppresses the viability and invasion of breast cancer cells by downregulating NFATc1

CELF2 overexpression decreased the viability (Fig. 4A) and invasion ability (Fig. 4B and C) of MCF-7 cells, and these effects were reversed by NEAFc1 overexpression. Moreover, CELF2 overexpression decreased the expression levels of N-cad and NFATc1, which was reversed by NEAFc1 overexpression (Fig. 4D).

Figure 4.

CELF2 overexpression suppresses viability and invasion of breast cancer cells by downregulating NFATc1. (A) Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to examine the viability of MCF-7 cells transfected with OverExp-CELF2 and OverExp-NFATc1. ^***P<0.001 vs. Con group. ^###P<0.001 vs. OverExp-CELF2 group. ^∆∆∆P<0.001 vs. OverExp-CELF2 + vector group. (B and C) Transwell assay was used to examine the invasion of MCF-7 cells transfected with OverExp-CELF2 and OverExp-NFATc1; scale bar, 100 µm. ^*P<0.05 and ^***P<0.001 vs. Con group. ^###P<0.001 vs. OverExp-CELF2 group. ^∆∆∆P<0.001 vs. OverExp-CELF2 + vector group. (D) Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression of proteins associated with invasion and NFATc1 in transfected cells. ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 and ^***P<0.001 vs. Con group. ^###P<0.001 vs. OverExp-CELF2 group. ^∆∆∆P<0.001 vs. OverExp-CELF2 + vector group. CELF2, CUGBP Elav-like family member 2; NFATc1, nuclear factor of activated T cells 1; Con, control; NC, negative control.

CELF2 overexpression suppresses HUVEC tube formation by downregulating NFATc1

CELF2 overexpression suppressed the viability and angiogenesis of HUVECs, and NEAFc1 overexpression reversed the effects of CELF2 overexpression (Fig. 5A and B). It was also found that the expression levels of CD34 and NFATc1 in HUVECs were suppressed by CELF2 overexpression, which was reversed by NEAFc1 overexpression (Fig. 5C).

Figure 5.

CELF2 overexpression suppresses HUVEC tube formation by downregulating NFATc1. (A) Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to examine the viability of HUVECs transfected with OverExp-CELF2 and OverExp-NFATc1. ^*P<0.05 vs. Con group. ^###P<0.001 vs. OverExp-CELF2 group. ^∆∆P<0.01 vs. OverExp-CELF2 + vector group. (B) HUVEC tube formation assay was used to examine the angiogenic ability of HUVECs transfected with OverExp-CELF2 and OverExp-NFATc1; scale bar, 100 µm. (C) Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression of proteins associated with angiogenesis and NFATc1 in transfected cells. ^*P<0.05 and ^***P<0.001 vs. Con group. ^###P<0.001 vs. OverExp-CELF2 group. ^∆∆∆P<0.001 vs. OverExp-CELF2 + vector group. CELF2, CUGBP Elav-like family member 2; NFATc1, nuclear factor of activated T cells 1; Con, control; NC, negative control.

Discussion

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and is one of the leading causes of mortality among women worldwide (14). It has been reported that there are 1.67 million new cases of breast cancer annually, accounting for 11.88% of all cancer cases (15). Although a variety of risk factors, such as family history, exogenous hormones, obesity and reproductive factors, have been identified for breast cancer, early cancer detection and further improvement of treatment outcomes remain significant challenges for clinicians (16-18).

The RBP CELF2 was initially identified in colchicine-induced neuroblastoma cells (19). CELF2 expression is downregulated in colon tumor tissues and may be a potential tumor suppressor protein (20), and restoration of CELF2 expression inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells (11). MicroRNA (miR)-615-3p, which promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration by downregulating CELF2 expression, has been found to be highly expressed, while CELF2 is underexpressed, in gastric cancer cells and tumor tissues (21). It has also been reported that CELF2 expression is decreased in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) tissues, and that CELF2 overexpression suppresses both Akt phosphorylation and cell proliferation in NSCLC (22). In the present study, it was observed that CELF2 expression was decreased in MCF-7 cells, and CELF2 overexpression suppressed the viability and invasion of MCF-7 cells, as well as tumor growth and angiogenesis.

As a transcription factor, NFATc1 serves an important role in tumors. Overexpression of NFATC1 promotes the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells and the occurrence of tumors by regulating the ERK1/2/P38 MAPK signaling pathway (23). Furthermore, activation of NFATc1 may upregulate cyclooxygenase-2 expression, thus promoting the invasion of human glioma cells (24). It has also been demonstrated that inhibition of NFATc1 may suppress the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of prostate cancer cells, possibly by decreasing the expression of c-myc and pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2(25). NFATc1 is highly expressed in human serous/mucinous ovarian cancer and downregulation of NFATc1 suppresses cell cycle progression, invasion and migration, and promotes the apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells (26). In the present study, after MCF-7 cells were co-transfected with OverExp-CELF2 and OverExp-NFATc1, it was observed that NFATc1 overexpression weakened the effect of CELF2 overexpression and promoted the viability and invasion of MCF-7 cells. In addition, after HUVECs were co-transfected with OverExp-CELF2 and OverExp-NFATc1, it was demonstrated that NFATc1 overexpression weakened the effect of CELF2 overexpression and promoted the viability and angiogenesis of HUVECs.

In conclusion, the results of the present revealed that CELF2 expression is downregulated in breast cancer cells and that CELF2 may inhibit breast cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis by downregulating the expression of NFATc1. Moreover, NFATc1 overexpression may partially reverse the effects of CELF2 overexpression on breast cancer cells.

Funding Statement

Funding: No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

XX conceived the study and revised the manuscript. LZ performed the experiments, data analysis, organized the figures and was responsible for the draft manuscript. LZ and XX confirm the authenticity of all the raw data. Both authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The animal experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jilin Cancer Hospital (approval no. JLCH2020-0052).

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.