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Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine logoLink to Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Occucon Abstracts

PMCID: PMC8259587
Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Occupational Health Risk Assessment (OHRA) Tool for Estimating Occupational Health Risk

Nikunj Desai, Amit Raiyani, Awadh Kulkarni, R Rajesh

Background: Occupational risk assessment is a method for estimating health risks from exposure to various levels of a workplace hazard. Understanding how much exposure to a hazard poses health risks to workers is important to appropriately eliminate, control, and reduce those risks.

Aim & Objective: OHRA is a tool for controlling the health risks associated with occupational hazards. Through qualitative and quantitative evaluation, potential occupational hazards that result in health impacts for workers are predicted and degree of the harm can be estimated, this will allow us for the identification of an acceptable level of health risk and provides strategy for exposure evaluation and formulating levels of controls.

Methods: Earlier OH exposure was measured through TBHRA study; Recently OHRA has become global benchmark practice to control OH hazards. OHRA includes two components qualitative evaluation based on estimating potential risk evaluation, followed by quantitative exposure evaluation. Methods for conducting qualitative risk assessment are first, estimating risk level against defined criteria (Potential for release, potential for exposure, ease of dispersion and quantity handling during task) along with the health effect rating based on the carcinogenicity/toxic classification established by IARC/ACGIH. Final risk evaluation is done with the measured exposure level along with frequency of task.

Results: The assessment result of the OHRA is scientifically robust and data obtained is highly reliable for qualitatively assessing the risk for chemicals and other OH hazards based on professional judgement. This model avoids unnecessary sampling for exposure evaluation. Some physical properties and information of the activity and provides a broad scope of estimated exposure of substances. However, determining exposure levels, ideally quantitative assessment method is primary for final risks for chemicals. Few examples of reduction in number of samples for CMR substances after implementing OHRA is as below.

Name of Site No. of chemical samples before OHRA No. of chemical samples after OHRA
JMD 173 130
NMD 68 51
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Conclusion: Based on the analysis, we reached the following conclusion; OHRA can serve as a screening approach to accurately estimate exposure concentration for controlling chemical risk and occupational hazards. Quantitative approach can be applied in combination with risk level determined from qualitative risk when conducting OHRA study. Furthermore, OHRA methodology is key for any industry to access the risk of chemicals and other occupational health hazards.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Annoyance among Staff and Noise in a Tertiary Care Hospital in New Delhi, India: A Pilot Study

Aritrik Das

Background: An area of not less than 100 metres around a hospital is a silence zone, with national guidelines restricting noise levels at 50dBA during daytime and 40dBA during night. Annoyance is a known effect of noise exposure. The objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of an extensive study on noise in the hospital, the annoyance in staff due to noise in the hospital and its associated factors.

Methods: Noise data was collected from 3 sites, using a Digital Integrating Sound Level Meter, LutronSL-4035SD (ISO-9001,CE,IEC1010) meeting IEC61672 class 2 standards. Stratified random sampling of staff was done on basis of noise exposure, with each site considered a common noise exposure for those working there. A pre-designed, semi-structured questionnaire collected information on socio demographic and work profile. Annoyance was measured using standardized general purpose noise reaction questionnaire (ISO-TS/15666). Data was analysed in SPSS using Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact test.

Results: Equivalent noise levels ranged from 56dB in nephrology ward in the weekend to 89.2dB at OPD atrium on weekdays. Maximum noise level was 98.6dB in OPD atrium and 86.1dB in nephrology ward. Levels at night in ward were higher than during day time. 24(53.3%) of the staff said their workplace is noisy, while 26(57.8%) were annoyed by workplace noise. Annoyance due to noise in hospital was associated with age (p=0.003), duration of work in hospital per week (p=0.04), duration of work in current department (p=0.007), noise level(p=0.04) and workplace distance from arterial road (p=0.02).

Conclusion: Hospital noise levels are higher than recommended levels for sensitive zones as per national guidelines and also exceed levels inside wards as stipulated by WHO. More than half the study population were annoyed by workplace noise indicating need for interventions. A study throughout the hospital to study noise levels and annoyance among staff following similar methodology is feasible and necessary.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

OH IH Emerging Risk Preparedness - Shutdown Activities

Bhavesh Khodadiya, Amit Raiyani, Nasib Jha, R Rajesh

Aim & Objective: A well planned and executed turnaround/shutdown helps ensure the project is conducted safely and efficiently, so that unit can be returned to operation without any illnesses or injuries. However, far too often occupational health and industrial hygiene issues are not adequately addressed in the early phases of turnaround planning. Emerging risk management is a tool for proactive preparedness of occupational & industrial hygiene requirements to control the health hazards. Early identification of health hazards and controlling the risk will provides strategy for formulating level of controls in shutdown.

Material & Methods: First step is meeting with the plant team to understand shutdown job, hazardous activities, number of work force, days of shutdown etc. according to pre-defined check list. Second step is to determine potential exposure to chemical, physical agents, number of workers and activities to be monitored, development of sampling strategy, medical OH requirements, review existing control measures and advice for any gaps. Third step is verification, planning and execution of all requirements in prescribed checklist and plant round to identify any gaps followed by plant shutdown meeting.

Results: OH IH Emerging risk preparedness strategy will help proactively to ensure the hazardous activities are being performed with well manage control program. Checklist will also be a powerful tool to identify all potential hazardous activities and evaluate the gap analysis for ideal controls.

Emerging risk details of one of the refinery plant is mentioned below:

•Total no of work-force health screening: 1000 Nos

•Total no of critical hazardous activities with respect to OH: 16 Nos.

Critical high risk hazardous activities No of PBZ Exposure Samples No of Samples Above Exposure Limits (TLV) Recommendations
Welding exposure in booth 6 6 Engineering Control Administrative Respiratory protection
Catalyst replacement job 12 10
Abrasive blasting 3 3
Spray painting 4 2
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Conclusion:: Emerging risk management can be serve as a screening approach to identify gaps of control measures. A comprehensive exposure measurement of hazardous activities and recommended control measures will help to ensure safe & healthy execution of current as well as future shutdowns.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Epidemiological Study on Occupational Health Psychology in Doctors, Nurses and Physiotherapists in Anand, Gujarat

Deepak Sharma

Background: Occupational Health Psychology is defined as “the application of psychology to improve the quality of work life and to protect and promote the safety, health and well-being of workers”. The study intended to find answer to these objectives: 1. To identify sources of stress at work and to estimate the outcomes of work stress in terms of physical health problems, mental health problems and work-related problems. 2. To quantify the work place safety measures and to see the safety culture 3. To study the ways to reduce the work stress.

Methods: Cross-sectional study design was used for data collection and interview. Qualitative part in form of self-reported, written descriptions of stressful incidents and incidents of happiness was taken. The current study comprised of 90 participants, 30 Doctor, Nurses and Physiotherapists each. The participants were given questionnaire after taking their consent. 12 different scales and questionnaires were used to achieve the objectives of the study. The study was approved by IEC of the institute.

Results: Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS 21) scale measurement showed that majority of the participants were in Normal category for stress, anxiety. Based on Brief resilient coping scale (BRCS), participants were found in medium resilient category as the values ranged from 14-16. In Workplace well-being questionnaire, “Organizational Respect for the Employee” and “Work satisfaction” ranged from medium to high scale amongst participants. Based on the participants’ response for filling the questionnaire, participants’ felt relaxed after filling the questionnaire and also revealed that they got an idea about work place stressors and mentioned that this was a good way to recollect what went well and where and how things can be improved upon.

Conclusion: The results revealed normal to mild anxiety and stress amongst participants’ and the coping strategies identified the participants’ as medium resilient copers.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Psychological Impact and Educational Challenges of COVID-19 Pandemic among Teachers in Goa

Dhanya Jose, Jagadish A Cacodcar

Background: This study focused on exploring stress among teachers due to COVID-19, with the changing face of education such as online teaching, and to check awareness among teachers regarding reopening guidelines.

Methods: It was a cross-sectional observational study among 330 teachers in various schools and colleges in Goa during November 2020. Snowball sampling was done. Perceived stress scale-4 was used to assess stress. We collected the data using Google forms and analyzed using the R programming language. Results were reported based on descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA.

Results: The study shows that teachers were under moderate stress. Sex and marital status did not show any significant contributions to the stress level. Factors such as work status (working from home or office), designation (teacher at college, higher secondary, or secondary), and COVID-19 infection among relatives showed significant association with stress level. Data revealed that 10.5% of teachers were at risk of job loss. 70.8% of the teachers were facing moderate to high difficulty in keeping their students on board during online classes. 85.2% faced internet connectivity issues. Half of them preferred online and offline combined work. More than 90% of teachers were well aware of the guidelines to be followed while reopening the school/college.

Conclusions: The study revealed that the teachers were under moderate stress due to COVID-19 during the study period. The stress levels had significant associations between work status, designation, and COVID-19 infection among relatives. Online education was challenging and awareness about school reopening guidelines was adequate.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Practices during Covid-19 pandemic – A Case Study of Refinery in Oil and Gas Exploration Industry

Jeevan Waghmare

Introduction: The Oil and Gas industry has been adversely affected by the fallout of the Covid-19 pandemic which are the country’s essential and strategic resources and sustaining hydrocarbon operations becomes even more critical under this exceptional circumstances. This paper discusses best practices followed by Occupational Health Services, Uran Plant in formulating Covid-19 response framework premised on preserving “Men, material and Resources”.

Methodology: The initiative, response action, decisions during pre-lockdown and lockdown 1,2,3 and 4 included awareness campaigns, safety measures, employee engagement, operational continuity, employee morale preventive and curative services using digital technology, Standard operating procedure for Covid-19 including quarantine measures, hospitalization for complicated cases for Covid-19 as well as other ailments, OPD and IPD prescriptions through digital mode, social distancing measures, wearing of masks and Sanitization of workplaces.

Results: Total strength of employees (regular, contractual, direct employee, CISF) is approximately 1500. The Covid-19 positive cases of active employees detected till date were 66 (4.4%) of which all recovered due to best preventive and curative services of ONGC, Uran Plant.

Conclusion: Various measures, well planned and coordinated efforts by OHS and management helped in mitigating the challenges emerging out of Covid-19.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Respiratory and Auditory Impairment Among Sponge Iron Plant Workers, Goa, India: A Comparison Study.

Vishwaraj Mhalshekar, Jagadish A Cacodcar

Background: Sponge Iron plant workers are exposed to excessive dust at raw material handling section, fumes emitted during the burning process, and to the noise generated throughout till the formation of final product poured in moulds to form the required size of sponge iron. Earlier studies have shown various morbidities among such workers.

Objective: We undertook this present study in the State of Goa to compare the respiratory and auditory impairment among the workers exposed to the dust, fumes and noise with those less likely to be exposed to these hazards in the same work place.

Methods: The present study was carried out among the workers working for a sponge iron plant in the State of Goa. All the workers working in the sponge iron ore plant were included in the present study upon their informed consent. The spirometry and audiometry findings during the year 2019 for all the 486 workers were obtained from the routine annual medical examination records. Data was analyzed to compare the morbidity among the exposed group (n=267) i.e. the workers directly exposed to dust, fumes and noise with those less likely to be exposed (n=219) i.e. the executives and the office staff working in closed air-conditioned offices segregated from the site of hazards.

Results: Respiratory impairment among those exposed to dust and fumes was 1.9 times higher than the unexposed. The hearing impairment among those exposed to noise was 3 times higher than the unexposed.

Conclusions: The impairment in respiration and hearing which is higher among the workers exposed to dust, fumes and noise at the workplace shows a need for future research to study if all safety measures to reduce the expose are strictly been adhered by the workers.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Health Status of Workers and their Families in Selected Brick Kilns in Anekal Taluk, Bangalore Urban District, Karnataka

Mia George Kallumkal, Nancy Angeline Gnanaselvam, Pretesh Rohan Kiran, Arkadeep Dhali, Christopher D’Souza

Background: India is the second largest producer of clay fire bricks, with over 200,000 brick kilns. Brick kilns which remain largely unorganized involves manual labour. Each brick kiln employs approximately 250 - 300 workers. This study aims to assess the health status of the workers and their families in four selected brick kilns in Anekal Taluk.

Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among workers and families in four selected brick kilns in Anekal taluk. A pre-tested semi structured face validated questionnaire consisting of demographic details, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) Population Screener Questionnaire, Cut- Annoyed-Guilty-Eye Questionnaire (CAGE) and Patient Health Questionnaire-2(PHQ-2) was administered. On-site visits to assess living conditions of workers and their families were undertaken.

Results: Mean age of the 80 workers studied was found to be31.8 ± 10.16 years (16-60 years with71.3% being males). Among the 80 workers 11 % were aged ≤ 18 years of age, 57(71.3%) individuals were males. The study population included 9(11%) minors aged (14-18) years. Inadequate ventilation, lighting and waste disposal were observed. Mean hours of work per day was reported to be 8.86 ± 1.412 hours94%) of study participants reported loss of pay if one exceeded the allotted number of leaves in a month (. Poor awareness among the workers regarding insurance facilities was found among 70(88%) participants. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among the participants was2.5% Our study also revealed that 7.5% (6) of the study population were likely to develop a major depressive disorder.

Conclusion: The migrant workers at brick kilns studied had a lack of living condition and were prone to respiratory, dermatological and mental health issues. We conducted health education sessions during outreach clinics to educate the subjects regarding corrective measure for the identified health issues.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Suspected Trauma at Work Place Causing Axillary Vein Thrombosis: A Case Report

Omkar K Choudhari, Umesh Chandra Ojha, Amol Anbhule

Introduction: Industrialization has created many jobs. Fascinating economic growth of the country however, it has also brought many health hazards for the industrial workers. Repeated non ergonomic hand movement at work causes microtrauma to tunica media resulting in aneurysms, thrombosis. Case: 53 old male, non- addict presented with complaints of haemoptysis since 1 week. No history of trauma, any surgical intervention. Patient was working as a iron grinding machine operator since last 25 years with continuous non ergonomic postures causing repeated, circular movement of the hand.

Methods: Routine blood investigation were normal. Chest X ray and ECG, Connective tissue profile, viral markers did not show any abnormality. Patients Bronchoscopy, USG Abdomen did not reveal any abnormality. Factor V leiden mutation, Anti Thrombin III, Factor assay VIII, Homocystiene level, Fibrinogen level, anti-phospholipid antibody, prothrombin gene mutation (G20210A),Protein C & S activity, Vit B12,Folate level were normal. CT angio demonstrated axillary vein thrombosis.

Discussion: Repeated microtrauma at workplace due to overactivity causing thrombosis is a rare entity.Hence early and anti-circular movement of hand since last 25 years. Upper extremity thrombosis are mainly due to secondary causes like hypercoagulable state, surgical intervention which was negative in our patient moreover, no vascular anomaly was seen along with evidence of deep vein thrombosis.

Conclusion: Occupational diseases and its manifestations are underestimated causes of morbidity. Often, Occupational diseases are labelled as “Idiopathic” Occupational history is the key to diagnosis. Training in Occupational Medicine at Graduation level is minimal. Occupational health Physicians is need of the society.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Occupational Health Problems and Perceived Health Hazards among Dairy Farmers Residing in Mugalur Gram Panchayat, Karnataka: A Mixed Method Study

Pooja R Sridhar, Deepthi N Shanbhag, Nadar Kabibalan Victor, Eshita Adhikary, Darren D Kuttikkat, Aidan R Barros, Naveen Ramesh

Introduction: Dairy farming is an important source of livelihood for many families in rural India. Like any other occupation, dairy farming is associated with its own health problems. This study was undertaken to assess the occupational health problems and perceived health hazards among dairy farmers residing in villages under Mugalur Panchayat.

Methodology: This was a mixed method cross-sectional study undertaken using an interview schedule to record sociodemographic details and occupational health problems. Modified Nordic Questionnaire was used to assess Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Qualitative methodology was used to assess the perceptions regarding physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial health hazards. Data saturation was met after six focus group discussions and two key informant interviews were conducted with the milk society secretary and the veterinary doctor.

Results: The mean age of the 170 participants was found to be 49±14.7 years. MSDs were the most common health problem reported by 89(52%) participants. Knee pain was reported by 49(29%) participants. Eye irritation was reported by 18(11%) participants. On qualitative analysis, most of the participants perceived that dairy farming did not pose any health hazards, but on probing some of them reported hazards like accidents, slips and falls are common during milking. Few of them also felt that the use of chemicals for cleaning purposes causes irritation to the eyes. They also felt that diseases cannot spread from cows to humans. Many of them said that the posture and repetitive movements while milking resulted in MSDs. Most of them said that, they became anxious if they were unable to deliver the milk, on time to the nearest collection centre.

Conclusion: Among the dairy farmers, MSDs were the most commonly reported health problem and they perceived that dairy farming did not have any occupational health hazards.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Psychological Status of Indian Optometrist’s Post-Lockdown: A Questionnaire-Based Survey

Rashima Asokan, Swetha S, Mehal Rathore, Anuradha Narayanan

Background: To evaluate the psychological status of optometrists following lockdown with respect to their optometric practice.

Methods: This observational study was conducted using an online questionnaire. Practising optometrists in India were recruited for the study. Demographic information such as age, gender, state of residence was collected along with two validated questionnaires namely the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaire. Besides this, the workplace of the optometrists and the work profile were also enquired. Descriptive statistics were performed along with Chi-square tests to look for any association between the responses of optometrists with and without any degree of depression/anxiety disorders. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was done to identify the risk factors for depression and anxiety.

Results: A total of 361 responses were analysed. The mean age of the respondents was 27.2 (SD +/- 6.7) years. Most respondents were females (216, 59.8%) and worked in hospitals (202, 56%). The predominant work profile of the respondents was the clinical practice (205, 56.8%). Majority of the participants were from South India and East India (242, 67% & 54, 15%) respectively. The median PHQ and GAD scores were 5 (IQR: 2-9) and 4 (IQR: 1-8). Of the total responses, 57.9% had some degree of depression and 47.4% had some degree of anxiety disorders. Majority of the optometrists were involved in clinical practice (205, 56.8%), only 116 (56.6%) and 89 (43.4%) optometrists had depression and anxiety. “Financial constraints” (202, 56%), “lack of favourable working environment” (170, 47.1%) and “uncertainty of job opportunities” (148, 41%) were reported to be the most common reasons for inconvenience.

Conclusion: The study highlighted that optometrists were facing a substantial degree of depression and anxiety necessitating the need to provide comprehensive mental care.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Prevalence and Risk for Overweight among Employees in a Leading Auto-mobile Industry in India

Runalika Roy, Gautham Melur Sukumar, Kowshik Kupatira

Background: Overweight is a major risk factor for the non-communicable diseases. A recent study stated that around 24.89 % of the Indian population works in various industries during 2018-19. However, prevalence of overweight in the workplaces is still unknown. Being overweight can adversely affect a person’s productivity in his workplace and increase the risk of non-communicable diseases.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of overweight and association between overweight and employee age, type of work and native origin.

Methods: The longitudinal analysis was conducted using Periodical Medical Examination data of employees from 2010-2018. WHO guideline for BMI was used to assess overweight. Data regarding Employee Id, age, type of work, region is collected from the Human Resource Department. The data sets are merged using the unique ID. Prevalence of overweight and obesity per 100 employees is estimated year-wise along with specific prevalence by age, type of work and region.

Results: The mean weight of employees increased from 68.1 kg to 72.6 kgs (2010-2018). Overweight proportion is significantly higher in non-production departments. Overweight prevalence ranged between 15%-29.8% among Karnataka regions in 2010 in production employees but reached 35% -55.6 % by 2018. Significant association was found between overweight with type of work and region.

Conclusion: We observed higher overweight prevalence in industrial workers (31 % to 52%). This could be due to regular screening, better socio-economic conditions, and nutritional support in industries. Our findings are similar to evidence from other independent research studies from industries across India which reported overweight prevalence between 17% - 65.5%, mostly clustered around 31%. The increase in weight over time indicates the trend of overweight and weight reduction interventions are needed in workplaces to prevent the risk of NCDs.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Health Profile of Mining Workers of an Iron Ore Mine in West Singhbhum District: A Cross-sectional Study on Non-Communicable Diseases

Amala Sankar Chatterjee

Background: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are assuming increasing importance among the adult population and leading causes of mortality and morbidity affecting both males and females globally. NCDs are one of the major challenges for public health in the 21st century. Rapid urbanization and industrialization drive the rising burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) worldwide that are characterized by uptake of unhealthy lifestyle such as tobacco and alcohol use, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet. The disease burden in India is changing to non-communicable diseases which mainly includes cardiovascular diseases, stroke, diabetes, cancer, MSD, chronic respiratory diseases and accidents. Mining is one of the most hazardous industries. Mining workers are exposed to various factors and as a result, many disorders develop through passage of time. The objectives of the study were to know the health status of mining workers, find out the spectrum, epidemiological profile and prevalence of NCDs, factors associated with NCDs and prevention.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted through health check-up of 160 mining workers of a private iron ore mine in West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. Study period: January-March 2020.

Results: The study revealed, mean age of employees 45.14±10.09 years. Most of them (46%) were pre obese or obese with BMI> 25, followed by Hypertension, MSD and Diabetes-23%, 20% & 14% respectively. Ischemic Heart Disease (8%) and chronic respiratory diseases (7%) were shown among few workers. BMI was significantly associated (at p< 0.05) with hypertension (x 2=4.9021, p=0.02682) and diabetes (x 2=4.9354, p=0.02631). Smoking also showed statistically significant association (x 2=6.5752, p=0.010341, at p< 0.05) with hypertension.

Conclusions: NCDs were common among the mining workers. The study emphasized the need for implementation of population-based screening programs, community-based wellness program along with some specific approach like weight management plan, de-addiction program, smoking cessation program to prevent NCDs in mining workers.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Violence Against Healthcare Community During COVID-19 Pandemic In India

Shikha Bassi, Rajini Bansal

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat to everyone, including the healthcare community. The increasing number of incidents against the healthcare providers engaged in COVID-19 response have been reported worldwide, to which India is no exception. India had taken a great initiative by passing the Epidemic Disease (Amendment) Ordinance 2020, to protect healthcare workers and personnel, the most important service providers in the critical time of COVID-19 pandemic.

Purpose/objective: To analyze the various incidents of violence against healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic and to suggest strategies to mitigate this violence.

Methods: All the reported incidents of violence against health care workers or professionals by the print and online media (English) from all states of India, during March-June, 2020, were searched and analyzed.

Results: We found 31 incidents of violence during this period from 13 states and union territories of India. Majority of these reported violence was in the community (74.2%), followed by hospital (19.4%) and quarantine facility (6.4%). Medical (17), paramedical (10), community health workers (4) and frontline health worker (1) were the target. The majority were verbal (87%) and psychological (13%) violence. We did not find any reported incident of violence in May-June 2020 as Epidemic Disease Ordinance, 2020 was promulgated on April 22, 2020.

Conclusion: The multipronged approach with introduction of strict policy measures is a need of an hour to mitigate the violence against healthcare professionals. In order to ensure safety, there is also a need to provide right quantity and quality of personal protective equipment along with medical care.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Human Factors and Ergonomics Can Wavy Assembly lines be the Industry 4.0 Boomn?

Soumya Prabhat Jati

Introduction: Since Ages Straight Assembly Lines are the norm as far as two wheeler manufacturing is concerned. Straight assembly lines are easy to set up and visibly are the best shot solution. But from an occupational health point of view there might be better options possible. The Straight assembly lines though has made the manufacturing process very easy and lucrative but it also has the potential to cause musculoskeletal disorders in workers. No doubt assembly lines are one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century but it also exposes the worker to repetitive movements which is a certain disadvantage.

Methodology: A hypothetical scenario was taken into consideration for two types of assembly lines - Straight and Wavy. The time spent by a single worker/ vehicle(T/V) was kept as constant. Then the activities were carefully evaluated for both the types of lines. One important consideration that was done is that in the (T/V) time was fixed and with that respect the conveyor speed was fixed in such a manner that in each T/V time a complete single wave is covered. The design of the wavy assembly line was finalized in such a manner that each wavy unit = segment length covered/worker in T/V time.

Results: The worker was able to complete his task/vehicle in a very comfortable manner. In some cases even quicker as he/she never had to “reach out” due to the entire process coming into his/her zone of convenient reach. The wavy assembly line not only is beneficial to the worker but is also beneficial to the organization as it uses up a lot of vacant floor space and more vehicles can also be tackled in a single line.

Conclusion: In Industry 4.0 this could be a very essential adaptation as it will not only create a safe and healthy work environment but will also be cost and space effective.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Analysis of AEFI Post Covid-19 Vaccination for Medical Staff

Sailaja BNJ

Background: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), having high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated if it is safe to administer the vaccine to each member of medical staff, and recorded the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine, and analyzed the results.

Methods: This analysis includes data from about 80 medical staff who have been administered COVID-19 vaccine during Jan & Feb of 2021, post initial screening of the outliers from the medical staff. The participants have been interviewed / questioned before for any comorbid conditions and their current medication. Post vaccination participants were enquired for any side effects of COVID-19 vaccine for both the phases of administration. Also, their vitals have been checked and recorded during both phases. The data for side effects have been collated for a period of one week, post each phase of the vaccination and results analyzed.

Results: Between 21 Jan and 26 Feb, 2021, over 80 participants were screened, vaccinated and monitored for effects of COVID-19 vaccine, with the data obtained through interviews / data collations, and checking of vitals. Our results show that, most of the participants did not experience any side effects of the Vaccine in both phases. The few cases who were having side effects during first phase reported lesser or no side effects after 2nd dosage.

Conclusions: COVID-19 vaccine has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against characteristics of COVID-19 in this analysis.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health among Industrial Workers- A Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Study.

Sudha Bala

Background: Post Traumatic stress disorder usually occurs after a traumatic event and the pa the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the mental health to a great extent. So this study was taken up to assess the risk of Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms using impact of event scale-revised (IES-R), their main stressors and coping measurements among the industrial workers of Hyderabad.

Material and Methods: A telephonic interview schedule was adopted to fill the online questionnaire among Industrial workers of age group 20-55 years during the lock down period.

Results: Depicted 20.6% at risk of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and 13.8% at risk of suppressed immune system functioning which is presumed to have its effect for the next 10 years. The main stressors of COVID -19 with increased IES-R score were-not staying with family members, Any acquaintance with COVID-19 infected persons and effect on daily life. Coping measurements with brief resilient coping scale found 17.4% as low resilient copers.

Conclusions: This needs to be addressed earlier to bring up preventive strategies to improve the quality of life by including counselling services in the occupational health care centers of our industries.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Prevalence of Poor Sleep Quality and its Influencing Factors Among Nursing Staff In a Tertiary Care Hospital South India, Puducherry

Rajarajan K, Sitanshu Sekhar Kar, Sonali Sarkar, Santhosh Satheesh, Santhi Tamilmani

Background: Nurses are frontline health workers and they are exposed to various risk factors like long duty hours, shift duty and occupational stress which adversely affect sleep quality. This study evaluates the prevalence of low sleep quality and associated factors and determine their association with workplace stress among nurses working in tertiary care hospital.

Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study was conducted among 1217 nursing employees working in a tertiary care hospital. The presence of workplace stress was assessed by the workplace stress scale and Sleep quality was evaluated by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). PSQI scores of 5 or less were considered as good sleep quality. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate factors associated with sleep problems.

Results: A total of 1217 subjects were studied. Females constituted 943(77.5 %) of the study subjects. Mean PSQI score among Poor sleep quality subjects were 8.1(2.13) whereas subjects with good quality sleep was 2.81(1.53). More than one fourth 331(27.2 %) had poor sleep quality. Variables such as Gender, Designation, Experience, Department, Workplace stress were significantly associated with sleep problems using chi square test. On multiple logistic regression analysis ,calm in stress level were found to have 17.8 times the odds of having poor sleep quality as opposed to severe to dangerous level of stress.

Conclusion: The overall prevalence rate of sleep problems among subjects in tertiary care hospital was Moderate. Many factors could affect the sleep quality of nurses, although workplace stress predominant in development of sleep problems so measures for relieving workplace stress need to be undertaken.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Perceived Stress Level Among Postal Employess during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross Sectional Study

Sayantika Das

Background: Worldwide more than 107 million people get infected by COVID-19 and to suppress the frequency of the consequences of this disease when India went into complete lockdown, the largest postal network in the world i.e. Indiapost has become a lifesaver. Even in this critical situation, India post unlike world-post providing essential services even in doorstep. The employees who are providing these tireless services to our nation must not be ignored, so the aim of the present study is to assess their perceived stress level during COVID-19.

Method: This is a cross-sectional study performed using both online and offline survey procedures from July 1 to September 15, 2020. Study participants were 190 postal employees from different states of India. Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) had been used for this study.

Results: Among study population mean PSS-10 score was 25 in male respondents and 26 in female. The mean PSS-10 was also higher in the younger age group between 24-30 years. This may be due to future or life insecurity among younger population also distances from family and friends had a great influence on this stress level.

Conclusions: This study can conclude that during this COVID-19 there were incidents of increase stress level among Indian postal employees. These can be mitigated by proper sleep during night, avoiding discussing about panic news for longer time, practicing simple and regular exercises or yogasana etc.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Nursing Personnel

Upasana Chowdhury, Tamal Das, Sahana Mazumder Sen, Somnath Gangopadhyay

Background: Health sectors can be listed under the high-risk work areas. As we all know, in this COVID 19 pandemic, doctors, nurses, health workers are the front line warriors. If we consider only the nursing personnel here, their tasks alone are prone to occupational hazards. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are most common among the self-reported occupational diseases. In previous studies, a significantly large number of participants reported musculoskeletal symptoms faced at least once. Insufficiency of ergonomic expertise is one of the most important recognizable risk factors as well as the shortage of staff in hospitals. MSDs are caused due to stressful physical work, static work postures, frequent bending, and twisting, lifting, pushing, and pulling of heavy objects, vibrations, localized mechanical pressure, etc. Various studies have shown that the daily chores of nursing personnel put them at high risk of MSDs.

Methods : The study areas were different hospitals and nursing homes in West Bengal. Only the female, registered nurses working in different wards are chosen for this study. The study’s inclusion criteria were only the female, registered nurses and the absence of any chronic disease in them. The exclusion criteria were the nursing students, nurses having histories of recent or previous major accidents/injuries or chronic diseases. The study population was interviewed on a one-to-one basis by means of a questionnaire based on Modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire.

Results: Among the total study population, 67.5% of subjects reported low back pain (LBP). 22.5% reported upper back, knee, and ankle discomfort. 27.5%, 15%, and 12.5% reported neck, shoulder, and wrist/hand discomfort, respectively.

Conclusions: The results of this study have revealed that MSDs are a common phenomenon among nursing personnel. LBP is the most familiar among them, 67.5% of subjects have reported the presence of discomfort. Not only LBP, subjects reported neck, shoulder, knee, and upper back discomfort along with ankle and wrist symptoms. In this COVID-19 scenario, their jobs have become more strenuous than usual. It is found that tasks requiring continuous long hours to perform are causing symptoms to appear. Shift rotations, splitting of shifts, using more ergonomically designed tools, knowledge of ergonomic skills are required in this situation to avoid the aggravation of symptoms.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Risk Perception and Level of Perceived Work Stress among Sanitation Workers: A Cross Sectional Study

Vishnupriya Iyer

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic increased the workload of municipal and garbage collectors, increasing their levels of exposure to health hazards. Hence, we aimed to assess the risk perception and level of perceived work stress among sanitation workers during of COVID 19 pandemic.

Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among domestic waste collectors and cleaners of Oulgaret Municipality, Puducherry, during January-February 2021. Convenient sampling was used. Workers engaged garbage collection, street sweeping, cleaning of drains and public toilets were included. Telephonic interviews were carried out using a structured questionnaire.

Results: A total of 120 workers were interviewed. The mean (SD) age of the male participants (N= 36) was 45.4 (9.8) years; and 46.4(8.5) years for females (N=84). All the workers reported adherence to hand hygiene practices and wearing masks and gloves. 26.6% felt that public non-compliance to solid waste management rules was a major risk. The participants (24.1%) found the public to be abusive and fault finding and 20.8% of workers mentioned that the public were empathetic, cooperative, and generous. Almost one-third (32.5%) worked without holidays, and 21.6% reported the supply of PPE was irregular post lockdown. Although the Municipality arranged transport for the majority of the workers to commute to and from work during the lockdown, a small number (13.3%) had traveled to work on their own. 58.3% had anxiety with regards to contracting the infection, and 25.8% had a fear of spreading infection to family and children. Eagerness to learn more about the pandemic was expressed by 47.5%.

Conclusions: Public non-compliance to solid waste management rules was perceived as a major risk, and more than half of the workers expressed anxiety during the Covid pandemic lockdown. Strengthening the Municipal workers’ social security schemes to compensate and protect them in areas of high levels of exposure needs immediate attention.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Dual Role Doubles Health Risk for Women

Reena L Valecha

Introduction: It is 2021, and we find ourselves living an entirely sedentary lifestyle. Surviving through the pandemic that mankind will remember for generations, we are forced to be home-bound. This situation has resulted in professionals the world over, working remotely for longer than they and their employers had anticipated. The mandate and in some cases, the option to work from home comes bearing multiple positives like saved commute time, more time for family and the ease to balance work & household responsibilities. However, this comfort of balancing work and household responsibilities comes at the cost of diverse health challenges. All employees, especially women across different sectors strive to maintain a routine and keep health issues at bay in these times of severely restricted mobility.

Methods: To analyse the situation which arose for working professionals as the lockdown in India commenced, we at Godrej Interio conducted a nationwide survey, in which we studied the gains and challenges that come with remote working.

Results: An analysis of our findings revealed that body pain issues were faced by 52% of working women, with upper body pain being the most prevalent. This figure was markedly higher than their male counterparts, 41% of whom suffered from body pain issues. The insights indicate that while body pain issues are a significant and widespread problem for all working professionals, women are more at risk. Looking at these numbers, we attempted to conduct another survey focusing on office going women professionals, in particular, to evaluate the difference in pain behaviour more pointedly.

Conclusions: We concluded that Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are one of the prominent causes of physical impairment in both the genders. For women, the biological and physiological characteristics pose a higher risk. An alternative explanation for this variance could be different physical responses to the same task by both genders. Previous studies have shown that physiologically, women’s muscles, tendons and ligaments may experience greater sensitivity towards pain and discomfort than men. Additionally, apart from their office work, most women incrementally manage countless domestic activities which require substantial, sustained, and repetitive physical movements. To undertake their job at home, women often adopt awkward postures, lift heavy objects, and push or pull objects, significantly exposing themselves to the risk of MSDs. In an attempt to deliver on both domestic and professional duties, women face the Double Burden Syndrome, a term often used to characterize the challenges that women counter while balancing their employment responsibilities with taking care of their children and doing the daily household chores. This syndrome translates into enhanced daily load on their musculoskeletal system, which can cause irreparable damage to their overall health.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Health Buddy – The New Methodology of Industrial Wellness

Soumya Prabhat Jati

Introduction: As far as understanding a “Buddy System” goes – it is basically two individuals working together/paired together to help and monitor each other with mutual safety being of paramount importance. When this methodology is implemented with context to Industrial Wellness it does have a scope of very positive results which are not only tangible but also has the potential to affect the workforce drastically especially in the Indian context where more than 90% of the workers belong to the unorganized sector.

Methodology: First a classification was created using the various levels of two most common chronic Illnesses – Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. The classification included grouping the various diseased workers into Red, Orange and Yellow categories and assigning a medical staff as a Health Buddy. The primary scope of work of the Health Buddy was broadly classified into Motivation, Guidance, Adherence, Result analysis, Co Ordination and Way forward. This included activities like Identification, Reaffirmation, Category Distribution, Counselling, Support, Follow up and Result Analysis.

Results: More than 95% employees in the borderline zone were converted to disease free category whereas in other segments more than 99% were converted into healthier categories. The total number of employees in the general illness diseased category was 155 which after 6 months of implementation resulted in 99% to healthier categories. Red was reviewed in a fortnight, Orange was reviewed once in 1 month and Yellow was reviewed once in a quarter.

Conclusion: This implies that if wellness programmes are initiated in the plant level with a methodology of “Health Buddy” then there are better chances of achieving Well Being. This also prevents stage deterioration in employees who are already suffering from chronic diseases and creates a sense of Mental wellness. This not only decreases their susceptibility towards occupational illness but also prevents absenteeism due to sickness. Indirectly it also decreases absent mindedness and hence enhances safety.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Face and Content Validity of a Work-Stress Assessment Tool for managerial-supervisory employees

Runalika Roy, Gautham Melur Sukumar

Background: Nearly 40% of the Indian population is in some workforce and around 8 % of workers are employed in the organized sector. India’s IT sector is the leading sourcing destination globally employing 4.1 million people in India. Work-stress among IT professionals was estimated at 51% and in managerial employees it was 55%. Stress in harmful proportions enhances the risk for various NCDs and subsequent complications, adding to increased health care costs and decreased work productivity. Available screening tools for work-stress are either lengthy, not validated for Indian workplaces or do not comprehensively cover the experience of health-related symptoms due to harmful stress levels. Centre for Public health, NIMHANS - developed a tool to overcome above limitations and is used in many industries. The present study intends to test the face validity and content validity of the work-stress assessment tool for managerial and supervisory employees in IT sector.

Methods: This validation study is a part of a larger study designed to test validity and reliability of the work-stress assessment questionnaire on IT employees. The domain determination (5 domains with 16 items for work stress assessment and 16 items for symptoms suggestive of work-stress) was done through extensive review of literature. For the assessment of face and content validity, the questionnaire was given to 8 experts (domain experts, experts in public health, occupational health expert). The experts were asked to rate their opinion based on clarity, level of understanding, ambiguity in a 10-point scale for face-validity and content validity was assessed using a 4-point scale for the relevancy of the respective items. Averages scores, Content Validity Index and Modified Kappa statistics were calculated.

Results: All the 32 items revealed that the questionnaire has overall good face validity having the average scores between 7.7 – 10 in the 10 – point scale. The content validity ratio though did not yield overall satisfactory results, the content validity index (CVI) was 0.829 which is in the acceptable limit.

Conclusion: The study illustrates acceptable scores for face validity as well as acceptable quantities indices for content validity for the work-stress assessment questionnaire.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Distribution Patterns of Distance Travelled and Travel Mode to India’s Workplace: Reflections from The 2011 Census

Absar Ahmad

Background: Every new job first considered the length of time to travel to the workplace to each day or have good accessible transport. Long commutes to work may affect personal relationships, performance as well as health. Long workplace.

Methodology: This study is descriptive and based on data from the 2011 census. Census covers India’s entire population and provides reported information on workers categorized into four categories, viz., Cultivators, Agricultural labourers, Household Industry (HHI) Workers, and Other Workers. For this study, ‘Others’ workers were selected from the last census. There were 200 million (2,00,408,230) other workers’ information was given in census commuting hours are also associated with high blood pressure, musculoskeletal disorders, absenteeism, risk of heart attacks, flu, depression, etc. Despite the importance mentioned above, we don’t have any literature on the number of people who travelled, how far, and mode of travel in India. The objective of the study to assess the pattern of workers’ distribution of distance from residence to workplace and travel mode to India’s 2011.

Results: Out of total ‘Other’ workers, 57.7% from Urban area, and more than three fourth (78%) were Male. About 30% don’t travel to workplace followed by foot (23%), bicycle (13%), two-wheelers (12.7%), Bus (11.4%), train (3.5%), tempo/taxi (3%) and car (2.7%). State-wise, more than half of the people in Daman and Diu travel on foot (57%), followed by Arunachal Pradesh (40.9%), Mizoram (38.9%), Dadar (38.7%), and Sikkim (38%). The majority (32.8%) of people who travel through the cycle were in Lakshadweep. Most people who travel through the two-wheeler (33.5%) were in Puducherry. Likewise, by car (12.8%) in Sikkim, by Auto (8.7%) in Meghalaya, by bus (28.5%) in Kerala, by train (11%) in Maharashtra, by water transport (2.7%) in Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep). People who don’t travel (45%) to the workplace are in J&K. More than one-fourth of people’s travel distance on foot was 6-10 km. While from cycle 30 % people daily travelled 21-30 km. Around 10% of people cover less than one km through a two-wheeler, and 6.4% travelled more than 50km. Meagre distance(less than 1 km) covered on foot by 72.6% people followed by bicycle (11.3%), two-wheeler (9.7%),Bus (2.3%) ,car (1.4%) and auto Auto(1.4%). Though, distance more than 50 km each day are travelled by bus (44%), train (36%), two-wheeler 6.4%),car(5.2%), auto/taxi(3%).

Conclusion: The analysis clearly brings out the fact that people travelled through different transport and different distance ranged from no travel to more than 50 km to reach to their workplace daily. While everyone appears to be concerned about the workplace condition, their environment and safety, but nobody seems to be concerned much about the way workers are travelled to workplace. There appears to be a complete neglect or ignorance about the impact of mode of transport and distance they travelled daily may have on the health of workers.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Thyroid Disorders in Regard to Aetiology, Clinical Patterns, Management

J Laxmi Pravalika, V Shoba, V Satyanandam

Introduction: Thyroid disorders are one of the important and common endocrine problems encountered in clinical and occupational practice in all age groups more frequently in women and in adult population. Amongst all the functional thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism is far more common than hyperthyroidism. The presentation of thyroid conditions can range from clinically obvious to clinically silent. Recognition of this condition at an early stage can delay the progression to overt disease. Appropriate use of biochemical test i.e. thyroid function test can delineate practically all thyroid disorders.

Methods: In this respect, a comprehensive study in patients with thyroid disorders during Jan 2020 to Dec 2020. A total no of 136 cases were studied and evaluated with regard to their aetiology, clinical presentation, biochemical parameters and associated other chronic diseases. This study has attempted to explore the prevalence of various thyroid disorders(i.e 1.1%) and the profile of affected population.

Results: In our study among the surveyed (registered) population, 57 (41%) cases predominantly were found to be having goitre, rest were suffering from non-goitruous thyroid disorder. 106 (77%) subjects had hypothyroidism where as 8 (5.8%) had hyperthyroidism. Thyroid nodule (multinodular goitre, solitary nodule) were seen in 13 (9%) patients. Autoimmunity was the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Subclinical hypothyroidism being the most common thyroid dysfunction(58%) was significantly more common in females than males . It was also noticed that a good no of patients (12) with subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with Diabetes mellitus and 12 had Dyslipidaemia. Thyroid nodules were the 2nd common thyroid disorders in our studies with an estimated prevalence of 13% which were mostly asymptomatic . Patients with thyroid nodule needs to be subjected to sensitive TSH assays, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and high resolution ultrasonography (HRUSG) to rule out malignant conditions.

Conclusions: It is necessary to have high index of suspicion in diagnosing and managing the patients with various thyroid disorders. Early and effective therapy reduces symptoms, improves the quality of life and thus reduces the morbidity as well as mortality

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Prevalence of Needle Atick Injury among Nursing Staff in a Tertiary Care Hospital South India, Puducherry

Rajarajan K, Sonali Sarkar, Santhosh Satheesh, Santhi Tamilmani, Sitanshu Sekhar Kar

Background: Needle stick injury (NSI) is one of the most common occupational hazards faced by the health-care workers. Various studies have shown that high prevalence of NSI and low intake of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) among Nurses. Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess prevalence of Needle stick injury among nurses working in tertiary care hospital. This study aims to find out the prevalence of Needle stick injury among nursing employees working in tertiary care hospital.

Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study was conducted among 1217 nursing employees working in a tertiary care hospital. A validated self-administered questionnaire tool was used to collect data among nursing employees. The data were analysed and expressed as frequency and percentages.

Results: A total of 1217 subjects were studied. Females constituted 943(77.5 %) of the study subjects. Mean age of males were 31.7 + 4.2 whereas females were 38 +9.The prevalence of needle stick injury for past one year was 143(11.8 %) and only 61(42.65 %) had post exposure prophylaxis for the needle stick injury. Most of the NSI occurred in emergency department (15.3%) followed by ward (12.6 %), Intensive care units (12.6%), outpatient department, Operation theatre (5.8%)

Conclusion: In this study, there was low prevalence of NSI among Nursing employees but inadequate post exposure actions. There is an urgent need to create awareness about post exposure prophylaxis.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Diseases Caused by Whole Body Vibration of Heavy Earth Moving Machinery Operators in Coal Mines of Northern India

Vivekanand Kumar

Background: The research objective is to evaluate the Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) exposure of heavy earth moving machinery (HEMM) operators in coal mines of Northern India.

Method: In this study, Human Vibration Analyzer Type 4447-Bruel & Kjaer was used to analyze the whole-body vibration. Personal Interview and Questionnaire was used to know the epidemiology of the HEMM operators.

Results: The study showed on the basis of RMS acceleration and on VDV values. The health risk guidance zone was used in accordance with International Standard ISO 2631. In case of loaded condition 77 % of the dumper operators are in the health risk guidance zone. In case of unloaded condition 77% of the measurements beyond the limit value. Overall, 50% of dumper operators are working under dangerous condition as the WBV exposure level is beyond the standard limit value.

Conclusions: whole body vibration is causing Musculoskeletal Diseases in HEMM operators of coal mines.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

The Effect of an on Body Personal Lift Assist Device (Jaipur Belt) on Repetitive Lifting Task Performance in Manual Material Handlers

Betty Thomas

Introduction: An on body personal lift assist device (OBPLAD) is a non-motorised, passive device in which the elastic elements act as an external muscle power generator. The current study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of an on body personal lift assist device on lifting performance as measured by the number of repetitive lifts as well as the time period for which the lifting task can be sustained. The objective of this study was to assess the change in lifting task performance in terms of repetition and task sustenance duration while using an on body personal lift assist device

Methods: 66 manual material handlers were recruited from industries in and around Mangalore, Karnataka. Subjects were asked to perform repetitive lifting task over a period of 15 minutes under two test conditions, 1. While wearing OBPLAD 2. Without OBPLAD. The weight lifted was set at 10% of body weight and a washout period of 45minutes was given between 2 test conditions. Number of repetitions performed and total duration of for which task was sustained was analysed using videography.

Results: It was found that no. of repetitions as well as time for which a task would be sustained were both found to be significantly better wearing an OBPLAD. A Limitation of this study was that Dimensions of the load where not considered while performing repetitive lifting task.

Recommendation: OBPLAD seems to be effective in improving lifting task performance.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Association of Outdoor Work and Increased Ocular Uv Exposure as a Risk for Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome

Ishwarya Suresh, Rashima Asokan

Introduction: This study was conducted to assess the etiological association of lifetime ocular UV exposure and its impact on the risk of development of the Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome (PXF).

Methods: Pseudoexfoliation was defined as the presence of exfoliatory precipitates at the pupillary border, cornea, lens or angle of anterior chamber without any clinical signs of glaucoma. Subjects above 18 years of age who gave consent to participate were enrolled based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. A standardized questionnaire was administered to assess the lifetime UV exposure and the exposure to erythemal UV dose were noted from tropospheric emission monitoring internet service (TEMIS). Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) photography was used to detect the conjunctival cellular changes with exposure to UV radiation. Logistic regression was done to estimate the associated risk factors.

Results: A total of 404 subjects were enrolled of which 274 were cases and 130 were controls. There were 204 males (50.5%) and 200 females (49.5%). The cases were significantly, older than controls with mean age of 64.88 (7.44) (p <0.0001) and mostly located in rural residence (69.2%). Based on the nature of the job, 214 (54.17%) were outdoor workers, 147 (37.21%) indoor workers and 34 (8.61%) combined workers. Lifetime UV exposure (OR:1.12, 95% CI: 1.00 - 1.25, p-value 0.05), CUVAF damage (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.06, p-value 0.01), outdoor workers (OR:1.84, 95% CI: 1.11 - 3.03, p-value: 0.017) and no usage of spectacles (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.00 - 2.63, p-value 0.05) was found to be significantly associated with the development of PXF.

Conclusion: The lifetime ocular UV exposure due to outdoor occupational activities was significantly associated with risk of PXF pathogenesis. The use of ocular protective aids like glasses, brimmed hats during outdoor UV exposure could play a protective role against disease pathology among outdoor workers.

Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;25(1):42–51.

Does Routine Color Vision Test with Pseudo-iscochromatic Plates Satisfactory for all Occupations?

Janani Suresh, Rashima Asokan

Introduction: Color vision testing has been a part of the pre-employment medical/eye examination and is assessed using the Pseudoiscochromatic plates (PIC). Visual fitness certificates are usually issued based on the candidates’ response to the PIC.

Case Description: 29-year-old male was referred for pre-employment eye examination including the colour vision for the post of assistant technical officer in the field of plastic technology. His best-corrected visual acuity was 6/6(20/20) for distance and all other ocular findings were normal. He was diagnosed to have color vision defect with 4 correct responses out of 16 test plates in the routine colour vision test with Ishihara PIC plates. The case was referred to the department of occupational optometry services for further evaluation. He underwent testing with Farnsworth–Munsell 100 Hue Color arrangement test and the error score was 16 in the right eye with superior discrimination and 36 with average discrimination in the left eye. With D15 test he had normal colour discrimination. He also correctly responded to 6 out of 9 filters in the Farnsworth Lantern Flashlight test. He was able to pick red and green test lights correctly at 8 feet and made errors only with yellow lights.

Discussion: The candidate passed the test involving detection and discrimination but failed the color confusion test. For the certification, it is important to understand the job profile. We understood from his employer that his occupational task involved quality inspection and tasks on the shop floor. He was professionally fit to perform his activities with respect to his job but was disqualified due to results of PIC.

Conclusion: We conclude that decision on colour vision certification should never be done with a single test. Rather, it is important to understand the job demands and carry out appropriate supplementary color vision tests in addition to PIC’s.

Articles from Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine are provided here courtesy of Wolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications

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