Abstract
For this study, we investigated comprehensive expression of conjoined genes (CGs) in non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma (B-NHL) cell line KPUM-UH1 by using paired-end RNA sequencing. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression of these transcripts in an additional 21 cell lines, 37 primary samples of various malignancies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of four normal individuals. Seventeen CGs were detected in KPUM-UH1: CTBS-GNG5, SRP9-EPHX1, RMND5A-ANAPC, OTX1-EHBP1, ATF2-CHN1, PRKAA1-TTC33, LARP1-MRPL22, LOC105379697-BAK1, TIAM2-SCAF8, SPAG1-VPS13B, WBP1L-CNNM2, NARS2-GAB2, CTSC-RAB38, VAMP1-CD27-AS1, LRRC37A2-NSF, UBA2-WTIP and ZNF600-ZNF611. To our knowledge, 10 of these genes have not been previously reported. The various characteristics of the CGs included in- and out-of-frame fusions, chimeras involving non-coding RNA and transcript variants. A finding of note was that LARP1-MRPL2 was characterized as in-frame fusion and was recurrently expressed in B-NHL samples. In this study, variety of CGs was expressed both in malignant and normal cells, some of which might be specific to lymphoma.
Keywords: Conjoined genes, LARP1, MRPL2, non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma
INTRODUCTION
A conjoined gene (CG), a read-through transcript, or cis-splicing between adjacent genes (cis-SAGe) is defined as a fusion gene resulting from the splicing of two neighboring genes in the same coding orientation.1,2 A CG is a novel gene expression mechanism and interest in its presence in both normal and cancer cells has been on the increase. Many CGs have been discovered only recently and listed on a database (ConjoinG, http://metasystems.riken.jp/conjoing/). Some CGs have been identified in several types of cancers and their tumorigenesis of them has been studied intensively. However, few reports have dealt with CGs in lymphoma.3
The genetic pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma (B-NHL) is highly heterogeneous. By and large, two types of genetic pathogenesis of B-NHL have been researched. One is dysregulated expression of oncogenes, cyclins, transcription factors and other entities resulting from the translocation of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes on chromosomes 14q32, 2p12, and 22q11.4-7 The other is a number of genetic mutations, which lead to dysregulation of various signaling pathways including NFκB, PI3K/MTOR, JAK-STAT, B-cell differentiation and focal adhesion, as well as of epigenetic modification and other consequences.8 Furthermore, though in rare cases, fusion transcripts resulted from chromosomal rearrangements in B-NHL have been reported, as exemplified by API2-MALT1 or TBL1XR1-TP63.9,10 In addition to researching these pathogeneses, we also considered the possibility that the expression of lymphoma-specific CGs might create a novel genetic pathogenesis and be useful as a genetic biomarker of lymphoma.
In this study, we used paired-end RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to reveal the comprehensive expression of CGs in the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell line KPUM-UH1. Furthermore, we analyzed by means of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) the expression of these transcripts in additional 21 cell lines, 37 primary samples of various malignancies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of four healthy individuals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cell lines and primary samples
The study population included two B-NHL cell lines (KPUM-UH1 and -MS3) established at our institute,11 20 purchased cell lines (B-NHL: JeKo-1, Mino, JVM, Z-138, MLMA, P32/ISH, Namalwa, A3/KAW and RAJI; hematological malignancies other than B-NHL: DND-41, YNH-1, MOLM-13, MOLM-1 and K562; solid tumors: GOTO, NB-1, COLO-320, MeWo, MKN45 and KATO-III), and primary samples from 37 Japanese patients with various malignancies who were diagnosed at the KPUM hospital between May 2005 and October 2014 and were previously described12 (Supplementary Table 1). PBMCs of four healthy individuals were also studied. Inforrmed consent was obtained from each patient and healthy individual in accordance with our institutional guidelines.
To detect recurrent CGs specific to the histological subtype of lymphoma we applied DLBCL cell line to paired-end RNA sequencing because DLBCL is the most common subtype of B-NHL. KPUM-UH1 was established from pleural effusion lymphoma cells of 77 years old female patient with DLBCL. Cytogenetic features of this cell line were previously reported.11 Flow cytometric analysis of the lymphoma cells immunophenotype showed positivity for CD10, CD19, CD20, CD25, and negativity for CD5 and CD23. Light chain restriction was detected (κ:λ=0.5%:95.4%).
DNA and RNA extraction
Genomic DNA was extracted using the Wizard Genomic DNA Purification kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA). Total RNA was extracted using the AllPrep DNA/RNA/Protein Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Venlo, The Netherlands), and reverse transcribed into cDNA with the aid of QuantiTect Reverse Transcription (QIAGEN).
Sample collection, library preparation and RNA-Seq
Total RNA was extracted from KPUM-UH1. The quality and quantity of total RNA were evaluated by using RNA 6000 Nano Kit of Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The library for next generation sequencing (NGS) was prepared with the Ribo-Zero Gold LT Sample Prep Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) from 1.0 µg of total RNA using TruSeq Stranded Total RNA. In brief, after depletion of ribosomal RNA, the remaining RNA was purified, fragmented, and subjected to first and second strand cDNA synthesis. The cDNA was then end-repaired, adenylated at the 3 Eend, and ligated with paired-end sequencing adaptors. After amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and removal of unligated adaptors using Agencourt AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter, Tokyo, Japan), the quality and quantity of the generated library was assessed by using both the Agilent DNA 1000 Kit of the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies) and the KAPA NGS qPCR Kit (Kapa Biosystems, Wilmington, MA). Finally, sequencing was performed in the NGS Core Facility at Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine with the HiScanSQ instrument (Illumina) by the 100-bp paired-end method.
Detection of fusion transcripts with the RNA-Seq data
NGS raw data was converted into FASTQ files using CASAVA software (version 1.8.2). For quality control, we removed the low quality reads if 1) over 80% of the sequences consisted of bases with a quality score below 20 and 2) lengths were shorter than 30 bps. In addition, 3 Eend bases with a quality score less than 20 were trimmed with the aid of PRINSEQ (version 0.20.4) and FASTX (version 0.0.13). For the alignment to the human genome reference (UCSC hg19) and detection of the fusion transcripts in silico, the following programs were used: deFuse (version 0.6.1), FusionHunter (version 1.4), and TopHat-Fusion (version 2.0.9).
Genomic copy number analysis
Genomic copy number in KPUM-UH1 was analyzed by means of GeneChip Human mapping SNP 6.0 array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Chromosome copy numbers were calculated using the Affymetrix Genotyping Console Browser.
RT-PCR and primers
To confirm the presence of CGs detected by RNA-Seq and to detect these genes in the cell lines and the primary samples listed above, RT-PCR was performed and followed by nucleotide sequencing. To show conserved and constant expression of CGs, mRNA was extracted from KPUM-UH1 for RNA-Seq and for RT-PCR independently and at different times. For conventional 35-cycle RT-PCR analysis (30 s at 94 °C, 30 s at 55 °C, 30 s at 72 °C), the AmpliTaq Gold 360 Master Mix (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) was used, and 5 μl of the RT-PCR product was electrophoresed in a 3% agarose gel. The primer sets were designed to detect each of the CGs as shown in Supplementary Table 2.
Nucleotide sequencing
After purification of the above mentioned RT-PCR products and cycle sequencing, capillary electrophoresis was performed on an Applied Biosystems 3130 Genetic Analyser. The RT-PCR products were then sequenced in both directions by using forward and reverse specific primers.
RESULTS
The paired-end RNA sequencing of KPUM-UH1 revealed 2,929 fusion gene transcripts, of which only 24 (0.8%) genes between coding regions. Of these 24, 17 (71%) were CGs: CTBS-GNG5, SRP9-EPHX1, RMND5A-ANAPC, OTX1-EHBP1, ATF2-CHN1, PRKAA1-TTC33, LARP1-MRPL22, LOC105379697-BAK1, TIAM2-SCAF8, SPAG1-VPS13B, WBP1L-CNNM2, NARS2-GAB2, CTSC-RAB38, VAMP1-CD27-AS1, LRRC37A2-NSF, UBA2-WTIP and ZNF600-ZNF611 (Fig. 1-3, Supplementary Fig. 1, Supplementary Table 3). DNA copy number SNP arrays confirmed that none of these genes in KPUM-UH1 had a genomic deletion between the two adjacent genes (Fig. 1b). The base sequences of these chimeric transcripts were verified by RT-PCR and the subsequent sequencing analysis. The expression of these chimeric transcripts in various tumor cell lines, primary samples and normal PBMCs are listed in Table 1. Of the search results listed by ConjoinG and in previous reports, 10 CGs were novel. The CGs showed in- and out-of-frame fusions, chimeras involving non-coding RNA and transcript variants. These representative characteristics verified by RT-PCR and the subsequent sequence analysis are listed in Table 2.
Fig. 1.
Epression and base sequence of LARP1-MRPL22. a Expression of a chimeric transcript of LARP1-MRPL22 shown by RT-PCR. b High-density SNP genotyping arrays showed no genomic deletion between LARP1 and MRPL22. The base sequences of LARP1 transcript variant X1-4 are listed on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23367. c Sequencing analysis of 241bp RT-PCR product of LARP1-MRPL22. PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Fig. 2.
Epression shown by RT-PCR (a) and subsequent sequencing analysis (b and c) of conjoined genes involving non-coding RNA, LOC105379697 and CD27-AS1. LOC105379697 is listed on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/105379697, and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XR_954461.1?report=genbank. MCL, mantle cell lymphoma; HCL, hairy cell leukemia; BL, Burkitt lymphoma.
Fig. 3.
Epression verified by RT-PCR and subsequent sequencing analysis of transcript variants of conjoined genes. a PCR products of NARS2-GAB2. b Sequencing analysis of 282bp RT-PCR product of NARS2-GAB2. c Sequencing analysis of 407bp RT-PCR product of NARS2-GAB2. d PCR products of CTSC-RAB38. e Sequencing analysis of 323bp RT-PCR product of CTSC-RAB38. f Sequencing analysis of 425bp RT-PCR product of CTSC-RAB38. MM, multiple myeloma; APL, acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Table 1. Expression of the conjoined genes in various tumor cell lines, primary samples and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
| Conjoined genes | Chromosome | Cell lines | Primary samples | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B-NHL | T-ALL | AML /CML |
Solid tumors |
B-ALL | B-NHL | MM | T-NHL | AML /CML |
Normal PBMCs |
|||
| CTBS-GNG5 | 1p22 | 10/11 (91%) |
1/1 (100%) |
4/4 (100%) |
6/6 (100%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4/4 (100%) |
|
| SRP9-EPHX1 | 1q42.1 | 11/11 (100%) |
1/1 (100%) |
4/4 (100%) |
6/6 (100%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4/4 (100%) |
|
| RMND5A-ANAPC1 | 2p11.2 | 11/11 (100%) |
1/1 (100%) |
4/4 (100%) |
6/6 (100%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4/4 (100%) |
|
| OTX1-EHBP1 | 2p13 | 1/11 (9%) |
0/1 (0%) |
0/4 (0%) |
0/6 (0%) |
0/1 (0%) |
0/16 (0%) |
0/4 (0%) |
0/3 (0%) |
0/13 (0%) |
0/4 (0%) |
|
| ATF2-CHN1 | 2q31 | 10/11 (91%) |
1/1 (100%) |
2/4 (50%) |
5/6 (83%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4/4 (100%) |
|
| PRKAA1-TTC33 | 5p12-13.1 | 11/11 (100%) |
1/1 (100%) |
4/4 (100%) |
6/6 (100%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4/4 (100%) |
|
| LARP1-MRPPL22 | 5q33.2 | 1/11 (9%) |
0/1 (0%) |
0/4 (0%) |
0/6 (0%) |
0/1 (0%) |
1/16 (6%) |
0/4 (0%) |
0/3 (0%) |
0/13 (0%) |
0/4 (0%) |
|
| LOC105379697-BAK1 | 6p21 | 11/11 (100%) |
1/1 (100%) |
4/4 (100%) |
6/6 (100%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4/4 (100%) |
|
| TIAM2-SCAF8 | 6q25.1-25.3 | 10/11 (91%) |
1/1 (100%) |
2/4 (50%) |
5/6 (83%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4/4 (100%) |
|
| SPAG1-VPS13B | 8q22.2 | 1/11 (9%) |
0/1 (0%) |
0/4 (0%) |
0/6 (0%) |
0/1 (0%) |
0/16 (0%) |
0/4 (0%) |
0/3 (0%) |
0/13 (0%) |
0/4 (0%) |
|
| WBP1L-CNNM2 | 10q24 | 1/11 (9%) |
0/1 (0%) |
0/4 (0%) |
0/6 (0%) |
0/1 (0%) |
0/16 (0%) |
0/4 (0%) |
0/3 (0%) |
0/13 (0%) |
0/4 (0%) |
|
| NARS2-GAB2 | 11q14.1 | 3/11 (27%) |
0/1 (0%) |
0/4 (0%) |
0/6 (0%) |
0/1 (0%) |
0/16 (0%) |
2/4 (50%) |
0/3 (0%) |
2/13 (15%) |
2/4 (50%) |
|
| CTSC-RAB38 | 11q14.2 | 11/11 (100%) |
1/1 (100%) |
4/4 (100%) |
6/6 (100%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4/4 (100%) |
|
| VAMP1-CD27-AS1 | 12p13 | 11/11 (100%) |
1/1 (100%) |
4/4 (100%) |
6/6 (100%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4/4 (100%) |
|
| LRRC37A2-NSF | 17q21 | 11/11 (100%) |
1/1 (100%) |
2/4 (50%) |
3/6 (50%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4/4 (100%) |
|
| UBA2-WTIP | 19q12-13.11 | 11/11 (100%) |
1/1 (100%) |
4/4 (100%) |
6/6 (100%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4/4 (100%) |
|
| ZNF600-ZNF611 | 19q13.41 | 11/11 (100%) |
1/1 (100%) |
4/4 (100%) |
6/6 (100%) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4/4 (100%) |
|
B-NHL, B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma; T-ALL, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; CML, chronic myelogeneous leukemia; B-ALL, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia; MM, multiple myeloma; T-NHL, T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; NA, not analyzed.
Table 2. Characteristics of the conjoined genes detected in KPUM-UH1.
| Conjoined genes | Frame | Transcript Variants |
Previous Reports |
|---|---|---|---|
| CTBS-GNG5 | In-frame | ConjoinG ID CGHSA0321 | |
| SRP9-EPHX1 | Out-of-frame | + | ConjoinG ID CGHSA0324 |
| RMND5A-ANAPC1 | Out-of-frame | ||
| OTX1-EHBP1 | In-frame | ||
| ATF2-CHN1 | In-frame | ConjoinG ID CGHSA0556 | |
| PRKAA1-TTC33 | Out-of-frame | ||
| LARP1-MRPPL22 | In frame | ||
| LOC105379697-BAK1 | - | ||
| TIAM2-SCAF8 | Not determined | + | ConjoinG ID CGHSA0279 |
| SPAG1-VPS13B | Out-of-frame | ||
| WBP1L-CNNM2 | Out-of-frame | ||
| NARS2-GAB2 | In-frame | + | |
| CTSC-RAB38 | In-frame | + | Ref. 16, 17 |
| VAMP1-CD27-AS1 | - | Ref. 14 | |
| LRRC37A2-NSF | Out-of-frame | + | |
| UBA2-WTIP | In-frame | Ref. 17, 18 | |
| ZNF600-ZNF611 | - |
Only transcript variants confirmed by means of sequencing analysis are listed in this table.
DISCUSSION
In this study, fusion transcripts in the DLBCL cell line KPUM-UH1 were comprehensively analyzed by means of RNA-Seq. While numerous fusion transcripts were detected, very few were found between coding regions (24/2929, 0.8%). In addition, most of these fusion transcripts were CGs (17/24, 71%). We detected ten novel CGs in a lymphoma cell line KPUM-UH1. These results suggest that many novel CGs and their functions are still unknown and may be discovered in the future.
The 12 CGs (CTBS-GNG5, SRP9-EPHX1, RMND5A-ANAPC, ATF2-CHN1, PRKAA1-TTC33, LOC105379697-BAK1, TIAM2-SCAF8, CTSC-RAB38, VAMP1-CD27-AS1, LRRC37A2-NSF, UBA2-WTIP and ZNF600-ZNF611) were detected in both various tumor cell lines and PBMCs of all four normal individuals (Table 1). The expression of these CGs was not analyzed in the primary samples in this study because these samples might have been contaminated by normal PBMCs. Of these 12 CGs, CTBS-GNG5,13-15 CTSC-RAB38,16,17 VAMP1-CD27-AS114 and UBA2-WTIP17,18 were previously reported to be expressed in several cancer types and normal tissue, and might therefore be associated with cell functions common to both various tumor populations and in normal cells. On the other hand, OTX1-EHBP1, SPAG1-VPS13B and WBP1L-CNNM2 were detected only in KPUM-UH1, and LARP1-MRPL22 in KPUM-UH1 and one primary DLBCL sample (L-1840) (Fig. 1). In contrast to the CGs widely expressed in both normal and tumor cells, the expression of these CGs in the limited number of lymphoma samples points to the heterogeneity and specificity of each malignant tumor.
In KPUM-UH1, seven CGs (Table 2) were found to be formed by in-frame fusion, which might be translated to the chimeric proteins and have a certain function. Although we did not analyze the expression of chimeric proteins and function of the CGs in this study, other studies have investigated the functions of some in-frame fusion genes. For example, CTBS-GNG5 was reported to show a growth inhibitory function in some cancer cell lines through the analysis of chimera-targeting small inhibitory RNA.13 Moreover, UBA2-WTIP chimeric protein reportedly could alter SUMOylation activity.18 A noteworthy finding of our study was that LARP1-MRPL22 is an in-frame fusion gene and recurrently expressed in DLBCL samples (Fig. 1). LARP1 plays a role in ribosomal translation through interaction with mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1),19 and is highly expressed in various epithelial cancers.20 MRPL22 gene encodes 39S mitochondrial ribosomal protein (MRP) L22. MRPs regulate not only cellular respiration but also apoptosis as well as modify tumorigenesis and metastasis in numerous cancers.21 Because LARP1-MRPL22 fusion transcript did not contain the base sequences translated into the functional domains of LARP1, this fusion gene might have lymphomagenic function mainly originated from the MRP. To detect recurrent CGs specific to each histological subtype of lymphoma, analysis of further number of patient specimens is needed.
LOC105379697-BAK1 and VAMP1-CD27-AS1 were identified as CGs associated with non-coding RNA (Fig. 2). Although discoveries of chimeric transcripts involving non-coding RNA have been on the increase, their function in normal and malignant cells remains unknown. Recently, we reported finding novel chimeric transcripts involving non-coding RNA, PVT1 in multiple myeloma (MM) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which could lead to dysregulation of the expression of fusion partner genes.22,23
CGs were found to express transcript variants as well as conventional genes (Fig. 3). In this study, the presence of transcript variants in SRP9-EPHX1, TIAM2-SCAF8, NARS2-GAB2, CTSC-RAB38, and LRRC37A2-NSF were confirmed by means of sequencing analysis. We also established there were two types of the transcript variant expression in the CGs. Expression of the transcripts of NARS2-GAB2 was seen to vary among the samples including normal PBMCs. While an out-of-frame chimeric transcript between NARS2 exon 14 and GAB2 exon 2 was detected in two normal PBMCs, two DLBCL cell lines (A3/KAW and KPUM-MS3), two primary MM samples, and two primary acute promyelocytic leukemia samples, an in-frame chimeric transcript between NARS2 exon 12 and GAB2 exon 2 was detected only in two DLBCL cell lines KPUM-UH1 and A3/KAW. The transcript variants of the other CGs, on the other hand, were detected concurrently in the same samples.
In conclusion, we detected 17 CGs in the DLBCL cell line KPUM-UH1, 10 of which were novel. These genes show various characteristics including in- and out-of-frame fusions, chimeras involving non-coding RNA and transcript variants. In our study, while most CGs were detected both in normal PBMCs and malignant cells, in-frame fusion CG, LARP1-MRPL2 was specifically and recurrently expressed in B-NHL samples. CGs are one of gene expression mechanisms commonly found in normal and malignant cells, some of which might be specific to malignancies. Clarification of oncogenesis associated with lymphoma-specific CGs and establishment of novel genetic biomarkers using CGs are the next challenges.
Supplemental Materials and Methods
Footnotes
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflict of interest.
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