Table 3.
Associations between Z-score inflammatory biomarker concentration and vascular dysfunction stratified by ethnicity.
| Aortic stiffness |
Coronary artery disease |
Peripheral artery disease |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI), p-value |
OR (95% CI), p-value |
OR (95% CI), p-value |
||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| hs-CRP | ||||||
| Dutch | 1.37 (1.04–1.78), 0.023 | 0.93 (0.64–1.37),0.725 | 1.56 (1.20–2.03),0.001 | 1.63 (1.21–2.18),0.001 | 1.02 (0.71–1.47),0.908 | 1.00 (0.66–1.52),0.997 |
| South-Asian Surinamese | 1.19 (1.00–1.42),0.053 | 1.20 (0.96–1.51),0.111 | 1.14 (0.98–1.33),0.096 | 1.10 (0.93–1.32),0.266 | 1.27 (1.06–1.51),0.008 | 1.25 (1.03–1.53),0.024 |
| African Surinamese | 1.10 (0.91–1.34), 0.332 | 0.94 (0.73–1.21),0.629 | 1.23 (1.04–1.46),0.014 | 1.17 (0.97–1.42),0.105 | 0.98 (0.79–1.22),0.863 | 0.71 (0.54–0.94),0.016 |
| Ghanaian | 1.22 (0.98–1.52), 0.072 | 0.95 (0.74–1.24),0.721 | 1.17 (0.96–1.43),0.121 | 1.20 (0.97–1.50),0.097 | 1.31 (1.06–1.61),0.012 | 1.12 (0.88–1.43),0.354 |
| Turkish | 1.35 (1.11–1.65), 0.003 | 1.12 (0.85–1.47),0.434 | 1.12 (0.97–1.30),0.126 | 1.11 (0.94–1.32),0.214 | 1.16 (0.96–1.40),0.126 | 1.10 (0.89–1.38),0.374 |
| Moroccan | 1.27 (1.05–1.54), 0.016 | 1.16 (0.90–1.50),0.245 | 1.01 (0.87–1.17),0.899 | 0.96 (),0.81–1.140.657 | 0.98 (0.78–1.24),0.876 | 0.97 (0.74–1.26),0.795 |
| FIBRINOGEN | ||||||
| Dutch | 1.93 (1.43–2.60), <0.001 | 0.89 (0.62–1.27),0.529 | 1.29 (0.94–1.76),0.114 | 1.26 (0.88–1.80),0.208 | 0.97 (0.71–1.34),0.866 | 0.92 (0.64–1.34),0.677 |
| South-Asian Surinamese | 1.64 (1.35–1.99), <0.001 | 1.25 (1.00–1.58),0.055 | 1.06 (0.90–1.25),0.504 | 0.90 (0.74–1.08),0.249 | 1.05 (0.86–1.28),0.614 | 0.98 (0.78–1.23),0.878 |
| African Surinamese | 1.35 (1.09–1.68), 0.005 | 0.93 (0.72–1.21),0.592 | 1.33 (1.10–1.61),0.003 | 1.28 (1.03–1.59),0.028 | 0.99 (0.80–1.24),0.958 | 0.75 (0.58–0.97),0.031 |
| Ghanaian | 1.21 (0.97–1.51), 0.094 | 0.80 (0.61–1.04),0.099 | 1.29 (1.06–1.57),0.011 | 1.25 (0.99–1.56),0.056 | 1.11 (0.89–1.39),0.351 | 0.90 (0.70–1.16),0.420 |
| Turkish | 1.93 (1.50–2.49), <0.001 | 1.32 (0.97–1.79),0.074 | 1.03 (0.87–1.23),0.711 | 0.97 (0.80–1.17),0.727 | 1.23 (0.98–1.53),0.071 | 1.09 (0.85–1.40),0.488 |
| Moroccan | 1.49 (1.16–1.91), 0.002 | 0.95 (0.69–1.30),0.731 | 0.97 (0.82–1.15),0.749 | 0.89 (0.73–1.08),0.232 | 1.06 (0.82–1.38),0.654 | 1.06 (0.78–1.43),0.725 |
| D-DIMER | ||||||
| Dutch | 1.18 (0.99–1.40), 0.070 | 0.89 (0.62–1.28),0.529 | 1.04 (0.80–1.36),0.764 | 0.95 (0.70–1.28),0.731 | 1.06 (0.83–1.37),0.632 | 1.10 (0.85–1.42),0.474 |
| South-Asian Surinamese | 1.20 (1.01–1.43), 0.040 | 1.00 (0.81–1.23),0.983 | 1.04 (0.87–1.25),0.658 | 0.96 (0.78–1.16),0.650 | 1.24 (1.04–1.48),0.015 | 1.21 (1.00–1.46),0.052 |
| African Surinamese | 1.10 (0.92–1.31), 0.310 | 0.93 (0.75–1.15),0.495 | 1.09 (0.93–1.29),0.285 | 1.05 (0.87–1.25),0.619 | 1.11 (0.93–1.33),0.241 | 1.03 (0.83–1.30),0.766 |
| Ghanaian | 1.07 (0.97–1.18), 0.159 | 1.02 (0.91–1.13),0.791 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15),0.410 | 1.03 (0.93–1.14),0.543 | 0.97 (0.81–1.16),0.748 | 0.93 (0.74–1.18),0.574 |
| Turkish | 1.59 (1.17–2.16), 0.003 | 0.94 (0.61–1.45),0.786 | 1.13 (0.87–1.46),0.366 | 1.03 (0.78–1.38),0.818 | 0.91 (0.61–1.34),0.617 | 0.73 (0.46–1.15),0.177 |
| Moroccan | 1.41 (1.07–1.87), 0.016 | 1.18 (0.78–1.80),0.426 | 1.09 (0.86–1.39),0.483 | 1.08 (0.84–1.38),0.572 | 1.39 (1.03–1.86),0.029 | 1.39 (1.01–1.93),0.046 |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval, hs-CRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein, OR =odds ratio.
Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: fully adjusted i.e. adjusted for age, sex; smoking (pack-years), BMI, hypertension, HbA1c, total cholesterol, and use of statins.