Table 1.
SBWE of flavonoids.
| Samples | Medicinal Parts | Compounds Extracted | Extracts Activity | Extraction Conditions | Analytical Methods | Other Extraction Methods (Solvent, Ratios of Yields) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer | stem leave |
TP and flavonoids | antibacterial | 110 and 165 °C, 15 min 190 °C, 10 min |
TEM, UV | heating (water 95.4%; ethanol 91.3%) | [15] |
| Chamomilla matricaria L. | flowers | TP, TF, 18 polyphenolic compounds, apigenin | antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory activity | 65–210 °C, 5–60 min 1:30–1:100 g/mL |
TLC, UV, HPLC-MS | [18] | |
| Allium cepa | onion wastes | quercetin-4′-glycoside, quercetin, etc. | 40–160 °C, 5 min, 5 MPa, 1–10 mm, pH 3.0–7.0 |
LC-MS/MS HPLC-UV | convention (methanol and hydrochloric acid 94.3%) | [19] | |
| Crocus sativus L. | stigmas | TP, dodecane, γ-terpinene, tetradecane, etc. | antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP), antibacterial | 100–180 °C, 10–30 min, 1:10 g/mL |
GC/MS, UV-vis | [21] | |
| Saururus chinensis, etc. | skin, leave, peel, etc. | quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, isoquercitrin, etc. | 10 MPa, 110–200 °C, 5–15 min | HPLC | [30] | ||
| Camellia sinensis | leaves | epigallocatechin gallate | 80–120 °C, 3–7 min, 40–60 mL/g |
HPLC | convention (water 87.6%) | [44] | |
| Origanum vulgare L. | leaves | TP, flavanone, flavone, flavanol | antioxidant (DPPH, TEAC, ABTS) | 10.34 MPa, 30 or 15 min 25–200 °C |
HPLC- DAD, UV |
[47] | |
| orange | peels | reducing sugar, TP, pectin, hesperidin, narirutin | antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP) | 110–150 °C, 10–30 mL/min 10 MPa |
HPLC, UV-vis |
Soxhlet (ethanol 79.2%), shaker (ethanol 250%), UAE (ethanol 114%) | [50] |
| orange | peels | flavones, 7-hydroxyflavone | 100–150 °C, 0.5 mL/min | GC-FID | UAE (methylene chloride) | [70] | |
| Citrus unshiu Markovich | peels | rutin, naringin, hesperidin, naringenin | 0.5–14 MPa, 5–15 min, 100–190 °C | HPLC | [74] | ||
| Allium cepa L. | peels | TP, TF, quercetin | antioxidant (DPPH, TBA, FTC) | 110 and 165 °C, 15 min, p < 3.4 MPa | HPLC, UV | heating (ethanol 153%; water 45.6%) | [75] |
| Hippophae rhamnoides | leaves | TP, TF, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin | antioxidant, cytotoxicity | 25–200 °C, 15 min, 10.34 MPa |
HPLC, UV, FM | maceration (water 21.3%), Soxhlet (ethanol 64.6%) | [76] |
| Allium cepa L. | peels | TP, TF, kaempferol, quercetin | antioxidant (DPPH) | 170–230 °C, 3 MPa, 30 min, pH 2–10 |
HPLC, UV-vis | heating (ethanol 26.7%) | [77] |
| Achillea millefolium L. | herbal dust | TP, TF, HMF, chlorogenic acid | antioxidant (DPPH, TEAC, ABTS) | 120–200 °C, 10–30 min 0–1.5% HCl, 3 MPa |
HPLC, UV-vis | [78] | |
| Curculigo latifolia | root | TP, TF, pomiferin, etc. | antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, TEAC) | 100–200 °C, 10 MPa 30–120 min, 0.5 mL/min |
LC-MS, UV | [79] | |
| Citrus unshiu | peels | hesperidin and narirutin | 110–190 °C 3–15 min |
HPLC | [80] | ||
| Glycine max | okara | genistin, daidzin, genistein, daidzein | 100–200 °C, 5 min, 2–5 MPa, 10–30 g/mL | HPLC | Soxhlet (methanol, 108%) | [81] | |
| onion | skins | quercetin, quercetin-4′-glucoside | 100–190°C, 5–30 min, 9–13 MPa |
HPLC | convention (methanol, 92.8%) | [82] | |
| Puerariae lobata | root | puerarin, daidzin, daidzein 3-methoxypuerarin |
100–200 °C, 15–75 min 1:10–1:25 g/mL |
HPLC | reflux (ethanol 91.6%), UAE (water 95.9%) | [83] | |
| Coriandrum sativum | seeds | TP, TF | antioxidant (DPPH) | 100–200 °C, 10–30 min 3–9 MPa |
UV | [84] | |
| Citrus unshiu | peels | flavanones, polymethoxy-Flavones, etc. | anticancer, cardioprotectives | 120–180 °C, 1.0–2.0 mL/min, 5.0 ± 0.1 MPa | GC, HPLC, | convention (methanol 75.0%; ethanol 41.6%; acetone 17.2%) | [85] |
| Phlomis umbrosa | whole part | TP, TF, iridoids glycosides | antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS) | 110–200 °C, 10 MPa, 1–25 min | HPLC, ESI-MS |
convention (ethanol; methanol; water) | [86] |
| Actinidia deliciosa | peels | TP, TF, | antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) | 120–160 °C, 0–30 min, 3 MPa, pH 2–5.5 |
UV-vis, pH | convention (ethanol 81.9%) | [87] |
| Scutellaria baicalensis | root | baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, wogonoside |
110–160 °C, 10–90 min, 20–100 mesh |
HPLC | HRE (ethanol 93.0%) | [88] | |
| Citrus unshiu | pomaces | TP, polymethoxylated flavones, sinensetin, etc. | antioxidant (DPPH, TP) | 25–250 °C, 10–60 min, 0.1–5.0 MPa |
HPLC, UV | [89] | |
| citrus unshiu | peels | hesperidin, narirutin, prunin, naringenin, sinensetin, etc. | antioxidants (DPPH, FRAP), enzyme | 145–175 °C, 15 min 5 MPa, 0.75–2.2 mL/min |
HPLC | 2M HCl extraction 42.9%; 2 M NaOH extraction 38.9% | [90] |
| citrus unshiu | peels | hesperidin and narirutin | 110–200 °C, 5–20 min, 10 ± 1 MPa |
HPLC, MS/MS | convention (ethanol 56.4%; methanol 35.8%; water 6.2%) | [91] | |
| palatiferum Radlk. | leaves | TP, TF, protein, saponin, sugar, apigenin, kaempferol | antioxidants (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS), | 110–270 °C, 15 min, 8 MPa 1:70 g/mL |
HPLC, UV | convention (water 77.7%; methanol 32.8%), Soxhlet (ethanol 43.7%) | [92] |
| Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. | root | TP, TF, liquiritin, flavanone, isoflavone | antioxidants (DPPH, ABTS) | 80–320°C, 2–100 min, 7.0 MPa, 1:30 g/mL, pH 3–11 | HPLC, MS/MS, UPLC |
UAE (water 20.6%; ethanol 44.9%), MAE (water 25.6%; ethanol 63.8%) | [93] |
| Tagetes erecta L. | flower residues | TP, TF, 5-HMF, reducing sugar, free amino acids | antioxidants (DPPH, ABTS) | 80–260 °C, 15–90 min 1:20–1:60 g/mL,120 rpm |
HPLC-DAD, UV | leaching (water 9.4%; methanol 69.9%; ethanol 68.8%; acetone 94.0%), UAE (water 9.9%; methanol 69.8%; ethanol 64.3%; acetone 87.6%) | [94] |
| Daucus carota | leaves | polyphenols, luteolin | 110–230 °C, 0–114 min, 4 MPa | UV, PLC | [95] | ||
| Matricaria chamomilla L. | flowers | TP, TF, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, etc. | antimicrobial, cytotoxic activity | 200 °C, 40 min, 1:50 g/mL | UHPLC, HESI- MS/MS, UV |
Soxhlet (ethanol 129%), MAE (ethanol 117%), UAE (ethanol 104%) | [96] |
| Silybum murianum L | seeds | taxifolin, silychristin, silydianin, and silybin | 75–250 °C, 40–60 min, 12.5 MPa, 0.1–0.5 mm | HPLC | convention (ethanol 101%; water 43.6%) | [97] | |
| Echinacea purpurea L. | flowers | TP, TF | antioxidant (TEAC, ABTS) |
103.4–216.56 °C, 3 MPa, 5.86–34.414 min | UV-vis | [98] | |
| Humulus lupulus | pellets | TP, desmetylxanthohumol, prenylflavonoids, etc. | anti-inflammatory | 50–200 °C, 30 min, 10 MPa | HPLC, MS/MS |
convention (hexane 17.2%; ethanol 105%) | [99] |
| Kunzea ericoides | leaves | TP, TF, 5-HMF, quercetin, catechin, syringic acid, etc. | antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP) |
150–210 °C, 0–40 min 15–35 g/mL, 4 MPa |
HPLC, UV | convention (ethanol 37.5%) | [100] |
| Pistacia atlantica subsp. mutica | hull | TP, kaffesaure, ethyl vanillin, flavanomarein, etc. | antioxidant (DPPH), reducing power | 110–200 °C, 30–60 min, 10–50 g/mL |
HPLC-DAD, UV | HWE (85 °C 42.8%) | [101] |
| Satureja hortensis L. | whole part | TP, TF, rosmarinic acid, rutin, quercetin, etc. | cytotoxic, antibacterial | 140 °C, 30 min 4 MPa, 1:20 g/mL |
HPLC-PDA, UV | maceration (ethanol 57.2%), Soxhlet (ethanol 18.4%), UAE (ethanol 69.2%), MAE (ethanol 81.3%) | [102] |
| Urtica dioica L. | leaves | TP, TF, twenty-seven compounds | cytotoxic, antifungal, antimicrobial | 125 °C, 30 min, 3.5 MPa, 1:30 g/mL |
UHPLC-HESI-MS/MS | UAE (water 48.5%), MAE (water 100%) | [103] |
| Chamomilla recutita R. | flowers | 2 flavonoids, 4 esters, 1 amino acid, 11 phenols, etc. | 150 or 200 °C, 5.0 ± 0.1 MPa, 1.7 mL/min, 40 min |
UV, HPLC, GC-MS | [104] | ||
| Glycine max | okara | TP, gallic acid, syringic acid, ferruric acid, etc. | antioxidant (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP) | 150 °C, 4 MPa, 5–275 min 20 mg/mL |
UV, HPLC | [105] | |
| Carménère grape | pomace | flavanols, stilbenes, and phenolic acids | 90–150 °C, 5 min, 10 MPa, 15–50% glycerol | UPLC-MS | [106] | ||
| Zingiber officinale | root | TP, TF, four macro- and five microelements | antioxidant (OH·, ABTS, TRP, etc.) | 80–180 °C, 1 h, 5MPa, 1:10 g/mL |
UV-vis, ICP-MS | convention (water, 62.5%) | [107] |
| Momordica foetida | leaves | quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin | 100–300 °C, 5 mL/s 6.9± 1.4 MPa psi |
UHPLC-q-TOF-MS | [108] |