Abstract
Background: Impulse oscillometry (IOS) is a method that does not depend on the cooperation of the patient and can detect small airway diseases with higher sensitivity than spirometry. However, the clinical application value of IOS in the screening of patients exposed to risk factors COPD and early diagnosis remains unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate diagnostic sensitivity of IOS in the early detection of patients exposed to risk factors COPD.
Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from 2013 to 2015. 28 patients with COPD risk factors and normal spirometry participated in the study. The IOS was performed. We obtained the respiratory resistance and impedance of 5 Hz (R5) and 20 Hz (R20) and 5 Hz (Z5), respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 using Chi-square and two independent sample t-test. Spearman correlation test was used to measure the correlation of oscillometry parameters in the diagnosis of COPD. P-value <0.05 was considered significantfor all statistical analyses.
Results: The mean patient age was 55.50±11.27 years. In this study, the sensitivity of Z5, R5, and R20 was respectively 28.5%, 25%, and 31.5%. All oscillometry parameters were significantly correlated with each other but none of the oscillometry parameters showed significant correlations with FEV1/FVC (rZ5=0.018, rR5=0.082, rR20=0.041 and PZ5=0.932, PR5=0.711, P R20=0.850). According to the results, only 9 patients (32.5%) with normal values of FEV1/FVC had abnormal values of oscillometry.
Conclusion: IOS has a low sensitivity and cannot be used in the screening of early-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Keywords: COPD, Impulse oscillometry, Spirometry, Airway obstruction
↑ What is “already known” in this topic:
Impulse oscillometry (IOS) is a method that can detect small airway diseases with higher sensitivity than spirometry. However, the clinical application value of IOS in the early detection of suspected COPD patients remains unclear.
→ What this article adds:
IOS has a low sensitivity for early detection of COPD patients.
Introduction
An enormous public health problem, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is marked by airflow limitation. COPD is reported as the fourth cause of death around the world and was expected to rank as the third cause of mortality by 2020 (1, 2).
The main objective of any COPD control program is early diagnosis. This can allow more time for patients to react to disease progression. COPD patients predominantly suffer respiratory sy mptoms like sputum production and cough, and dyspnea. However, it is not clear how respiratory symptoms play a role in the early diagnosis of COPD. Patients may not adequately report respiratory symptoms. Moreover, the relationship between respiratory symptoms and spirometric parameters is not strong (3, 4). Spirometry is the most common test for measuring pulmonary function, diagnosing and following COPD. However, the test is not the most sensitive one. It perhaps has shortcomings in identifying COPD at its early stages (5).
Impedance oscillometry (IOS) is a method for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases that measures the resistance of airways using sound waves and detects airway diseases through the diagnosis of changes in the resistance of airways. This method is not dependent on patient’s cooperation and is more sensitive in the diagnosis of obstructive lesions to the small airways compared to previous methods. Therefore, it can be helpful for elderly patients and those with physical or mental limitations (6). Impedance oscillometry has been reported to be abnormal in patients with pulmonary symptoms and normal FEV1 in spirometry (4). Borrill et al. have studied IOS and specific airway conductance comparing FEV1 in patients with COPD. Their sample included patients who experienced subtherapeutic doses of bronchodilators (short- and long-acting). The results showed that the IOS method performed better in identifying more delicate changes in pulmonary function compared to the conventional spirometry (7, 8). In the same vein, numerous researches have done on impulse oscillometry and its role in detecting abnormalities in patients with COPD symptoms who had not yet shown abnormal spirometry (4, 9). Therefore, these complementary diagnostic techniques are unlikely to replace spirometry but have the potential to help physicians to diagnose COPD at the early stages. This is particularly true about patients with symptoms that are disproportionate to spirometry (6). In this study, it was assumed that using the IOS method, the individuals at high risk for COPD that are prone to COPD and its complications could be identified which is a crucial step for early diagnosis of COPD patients.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 28 patients who were admitted to the pulmonary clinic in Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran. This research was approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Board at Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS). The patients were selected by a non-probability and availability sampling method. All participants provided written informed consent. The subjects who had chronic respiratory symptoms, including cough, sputum and dyspnea, and exposure to the risk factor of COPD such as smoking or occupational exposure to pollutants and their spirometry results were normal (FEV1> 80 and FEV1/ FVC> 75%) were included. Patients with other respiratory diseases such as bronchiectasis, chronic allergic sinusitis and interstitial lung diseases were excluded. The research recorded demographic data consisting of: gender, age, height, weight, smoking, body mass index (BMI), work history, and respiratory symptoms. The IOS was measured in the patients using a device in a private clinic (Master lab-IOS, Erich Jaeger, Germany). The IOS parameters were the respiratory resistance and respiratory impedance at 5 Hz (R5) and 20 Hz (R20) and 5 Hz (Z5), respectively. In addition, the spirometry assessment was performed using the Masterlab Pro unit (1051108-175101, Jaeger, Germany) which was calibrated at the start of each day. The spirometry parameters of FEV1, FVC, ERV, PEF and MMEF75-25 were measured and recorded in all patients. Parameters were measured through oral in a sitting position within normal breathing that given the normal range, the resistance percentage of airways was interpreted into two categories of abnormal and normal by a pulmonologist. The raw results of spirometry were normalized based on age and gender with Predicted amounts of healthy subjects. If we consider the cut-off point of 100% for all these parameters, since all patients entering the study had the FEV1/FVC values of 75% that was the normal value, the accuracy of detection for each of the existing guideline equivalent impedance of 150% was normal. The diagnostic sensitivity for all three frequencies in this study was calculated according to this approach.
The data were analyzed with SPSS version 17 using Chi-square and two independent sample t-test. The Spearman correlation test was used to investigate the correlation of oscillometry parameters in diagnosis of COPD.The p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant for statistical analyses in the study.
Results
Twenty-eight patients (21 males and 7 females) were enrolled in this study. The mean age of patients was 55.50±11.72 years. 19 patients (67.8%) were smoker and 9 (32.2%) were non-smoker. The mean height and weight of patients were 170±10.0 cm and 77.77±14.05 kg, respectively.
Results of oscillometry and spirometry analysis according to gender and smoking status are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Only the Height was significantly different between the two gender groups (p=0.001) (Table 1). The Height variable was significantly different between the smoker and non-smoker groups (p=0.001) (Table 2).
Table 1. Demographic characteristics, spirometry, and oscillometry in all patients according to gender .
| Variable | Total | Male | Female | p |
| Age | 55.50±11.27 | 55.33±12.51 | 56.00±9.83 | 0.854 |
| Weight (Kg) | 77.77±14.05 | 78.40±15.14 | 76.00±11.12 | 0.676 |
| Height (m) | 1.70±0.10 | 1.72±0.10 | 1.61±0.06 | 0.001* |
| FVC (%) | 95.69±23.03 | 93.72±24.37 | 101.04±19.57 | 0.395 |
| FEV1 (%) | 95.72±15.36 | 93.31±13.57 | 102.40±18.72 | 0.220 |
| PEFv(%) | 87.28±30.08 | 78.31±23.99 | 110.32±33.58 | 0.055 |
| MMEF75-25 (%) | 88.36±26.44 | 88.85±28.94 | 86.98±19.83 | 0.812 |
| ERV (%) | 122.76±88.73 | 102.44±42.44 | 153.23±131.55 | 0.607 |
| Z5 (%) | 120.92±49.80 | 114.01±36.73 | 140.65±76.57 | 0.341 |
| R5 (%) | 116.14±50.32 | 110.16±40.55 | 132.37±72.08 | 0.497 |
| R20 (%) | 106.83±38.98 | 104.88±31.80 | 112.40±57.73 | 0.685 |
| FEV1/FVC | 78.34±9.6 | 79.52±5.7 | 77.6±6.4 | 0.615 |
*Normal distributed variable
Data are expressed as Mean ± SD unless otherwise stated.
Two independent sample t-test
Table 2. Comparison of demographic characteristics, spirometry, and oscillometry in patients, according to smoking .
| Variable | Total | Non-Smokers | Smokers | p |
| Age | 55.50±11.27 | 58.58±10.54 | 53.19±12.35 | 0.111 |
| Weight | 77.77±14.05 | 77.09±11.57 | 78.25±15.88 | 0.946 |
| Height | 1.70±0.10 | 1.65±0.06 | 1.73±0.11 | 0.001* |
| FVC (%) | 95.69±23.03 | 90.45±19.95 | 98.97±25.72 | 0.395 |
| FEV1 (%) | 95.72±15.36 | 95.35±19.95 | 95.98±12.18 | 0. 220 |
| PEF (%) | 87.28±30.08 | 82.48±33.71 | 90.48±18.16 | 0.055 |
| MMEF75-25 (%) | 88.36±26.44 | 88.75±34.38 | 88.16±22.53 | 0.812 |
| ERV (%) | 122.76±88.73 | 104.00±21.70 | 127.45±99.07 | 0.607 |
| Z5 (%) | 120.92±49.80 | 130.80±35.83 | 114.13±57.64 | 0.341 |
| R5 (%) | 116.14±50.32 | 131.64±39.68 | 106.45±54.91 | 0.497 |
| R20 (%) | 106.83±38.98 | 122.12±32.79 | 96.31±40.33 | 0.685 |
| FEV1/FVC | 78.34±9.6 | 80.25±5.3 | 77.71±6.8 | 0.615 |
*Normal distributed variable
Data are expressed as Mean ± SD unless otherwise stated.
Two independent sample t-test
The correlations between the parameters of oscillometry and also between these parameters and FEV1/FVC were assessed (Tables 3 and 4). The results showed that R5 was significantly correlated with Z5 (r= 0.926, p<0.001) and R20 was significantly correlated with Z5 (r=0.882, p<0.001). The strength of the correlations between R20 and R5 showed a significant association between their measurements (r=0.949, p<0.001).
Table 3. The correlation of important oscillometry parameters in early diagnosis of COPD.
| Parameters | Pearson Correlation | p |
| Z5 & R5 | 0.926 | <0.001 |
| Z5 & R20 | 0.882 | <0.001 |
| R5 & R20 | 0.949 | <0.001 |
Table 4. The correlation of oscillometry parameters with FEV1/FVC.
| Parameters | Pearson Correlation | p |
| FEV1/FVC & Z5 | 0. 018 | 0. 932 |
| FEV1/FVC & R20 | 0.041 | 0. 850 |
| FEV1/FVC & R5 | 0.82 | 0. 711 |
In conclusion, the results showed that all oscillometry parameters were significantly correlated with each other. The correlation between oscillometry parameters (Z5, R5, R20) and FEV1/FVC was also calculated. None of the oscillometry parameters showed significant correlations with FEV1/FVC (rZ5=0.018, rR5=0.082, rR20=0.041 and PZ5=0.932, PR5=0.711, P R20=0.850).
According to the results, only 9 patients (32.5%) with normal values of FEV1/FVC had abnormal values of oscillometry (Table 5).
Table 5. The diagnostic sensitivity rate of IOS parameters in early determination COPD patients.
| Parameters | Number (n) | Sensitivity (%) |
| Z5 | 8 | 28.5 |
| R5 | 7 | 25 |
| R20 | 5 | 31.5 |
| AAt least one > 150% | 9 | 32% |
| All >105% | 4 | 14.5 |
Discussion
In this study, the diagnostic sensitivity rate of IOS parameters was evaluated in patients with chronic respiratory symptoms, including cough, sputum and dyspnea, and exposure to the risk factor of COPD. The IOS parameters were total resistance of respiratory system (Z) and resistance airway and lung tissue (R). The results showed that the sensitivity of Z5, R5, and R20 was 28.5%, 25% and 31.5%, respectively. In the current study, R20 and R5 had the highest and least sensitivities in the early diagnosis of COPD, respectively.
Several studies have shown that IOS is a valuable technique for the diagnosis of early stages of COPD. In a study by Franz et al. in Sweden conducted on 450 cases, IOS had a high value in the earlier diagnosis of COPD. In the present study, chronic bronchitis, asthma or COPD were related to lower pulmonary reactance and higher pulmonary resistance (4).
Winkler et al. conducted a study on 244 patients with asthma and chronic bronchitis and reported that all parameters of IOS except for R20 are effective in the diagnosis of moderate and mild obstruction, while severe obstructions are recognizable by frequency dependence of resistance (FDR) and reactance in 5Hz and X5. Therefore, IOS is a suitable method for the evaluation of airway obstruction in patients with low cooperation; in addition, it is helpful as a sensitive screening tool for the early diagnosis of bronchial obstruction (10). The lower sensitivity of IOS in our study can be related to fewer patients and type of patients (at-risk patients). AL-Mutairi et al. conducted a study on COPD patients and healthy subjects and reported that the sensitivity for patients and healthy subjects was 38.95% and 45.8%, respectively. The results of this study were almost the same as those of ours (11).
Nikkhah et al. examined IOS parameters on COPD patients. These results reported that the minimum and maximum sensitivity belonged to R20 and X5, which is not consistent with the results of our study (12).
Kolsum et al. evaluated the results of IOS and spirometry performed on 58 patients with COPD and followed them for a year. They reported that IOS is not more sensitive than FEV1 and cannot be used as an alternative for FEV1 (13); however, other researchers reported that IOS is more sensitive than FEV1 (14, 15).
In COPD patients, there has been a significant lag between the development of small airway diseases to the onset of FEV1 decline. Some at-risk patients such as heavy smokers, may have developed small airway diseases; this can be a clue for proper detection of patients with early-stage COPD may have clinical importance (16). Some studies have documented that IOS parameters showed more sensitivity in identifying SADs among people exposed to environmental hazards and asymptomatic heavy-smokers. Therefore, IOS can be more sensitive in identifying early-stage COPD (17, 18).
In our study and some other studies, the R20 parameter had the most sensitivity among other parameters of IOS. Studies have shown that compared to the resistance, reactance is more appropriate to investigate the intensity and degree of airway obstruction and peripheral airway obstruction in COPD patients but it is an inadequate parameter to assess the mechanical changes in airways. Qi et al. demonstrated that IOS parameters (R5, R10, R5-20, Z5 and Fres) and area of reactance had an inverse correlation with FEV1 and PEF. Meanwhile, reactance at 5Hz had a positive correlation with FEV1 and PEF. Increased levels of R5, R10, R20, Z5, Fres and reactance was related to the increase in the stage of obstruction (19), whereas the study by Kolsum et al. reported that IOS parameters R5, X5 and resonant frequency (Fres) were significantly correlated with FEV1, TLC and RV while R20 was significantly correlated with RV. Also resistance (R) was more appropriate for airway obstruction, especially for peripheral airways (13).
Therefore, by examining and considering the correlation between parameters of oscillometry and spirometry and the sensitivity rate of oscillometry parameters, it can be concluded that the IOS test cannot be considered as a good alternative for spirometry, and it cannot be used in screening for COPD patients. Another result of our study was that the resistance parameters (R5, R20 and Z5) in females were more than those in males; however, there was no significant difference in this regard which was consistent with the results obtained by Schulz et al. (20). In the current study, airway resistance (R5, R20 and Z5) and spirometry volumes (FEV1, FVC, VT, FEV1/FVC, ERV, MMEF25-75 and PEF) reflected no statistically significant differences between smokers and non-smokers. In other words, in those who have chronic respiratory symptoms and FEV1 has not declined yet, smoking does not make any difference in lung volumes and airway resistance.
Our study Limitation is the low sample size, and there is no control group. It is better to measure air trapping in chest CT scan and investigate the relationship with IOS data. Also, the diversity of the age of the patients is the limitation of the study that perhaps are the reason for the low sensitivity of IOS and weak correlation of parameters of IOS and spirometry in these patients. Therefore, doing further studies with a greater sample size can bring about more accurate and acceptable results.
Conclusion
Although in other studies, IOS has been discussed as an appropriate method for the evaluation of airway obstruction disease with the minimal dependency on patient cooperation, the findings of the present study showed that this method has a low sensitivity in the early diagnosis of COPD and cannot be used in screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Cite this article as: Mousavi SAJ, Aslani J, Aslani Z, Raji H. Diagnostic sensitivity of impulse oscillometry in early detection of patients exposed to risk factors chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2021 (12 Jul);35:89. https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.35.89
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interest: None declared
Funding:None
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