Abstract
Background
This study presents a concept for training general practitioners (GPs) in taking a spiritual history. In the same workshop, medical assistants (MAs) were trained in counselling elderly, chronically ill patients on social activities and home remedies. After the training, GPs and MAs will apply the acquired skills in their practices within the scope of the HoPES3 intervention study, which aims at raising patients’ self-efficacy.
Methods
Sixteen GPs and 18 MAs were trained in a 5-hour workshop and completed an evaluation questionnaire.
Results
All participants reported great satisfaction. In particular, 85% of GPs (n=11) affirmed increased capacity to address patients’ spiritual needs. About 88% (n=15) of MAs were satisfied with the training, yet expressed difficulties in integrating theoretical knowledge into daily professional routine.
Discussion
While the evaluation of the workshop is promising, the results of the randomized-controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of the complete HoPES3 intervention have to be awaited.
Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first interdisciplinary, holistic care training in primary care in Germany. It fosters GPs’ and MAs’ competency in providing a proactive support in spirituality, social activities, and home remedies to their patients. If the concept proves to be effective, it could be integrated into existing care models and curriculums and provide clear guidance on how to consider elderly patients’ spiritual needs and strengthen their self-efficacy in primary care settings.
Keywords: primary care, spiritual care, holistic care, elderly patients, medical assistents
Video abstract
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Introduction
It is well known that elderly, multimorbid patients with polypharmacy frequently experience a high disease burden and low quality of life. Therefore, improving the care of particularly this patient group is of great importance. However, often GPs apply evidence-based knowledge mainly in order to present undesired events such as falls or delirium. While the importance of such measures is undeniable, there is a risk of overlooking other dimensions of care. For example, there is evidence that self-efficacy, i.e., the belief in one’s own ability to reach personal goals, is a decisive factor for elderly patients’ quality of life.1
We argue that a more holistic approach for the care of elderly, chronically ill patients is needed which considers three aspects strongly linked to self-efficacy: patients’ spiritual needs, social activity and self-care, i.e., patients’ activeness in areas that can enhance well-being other than taking medication.2–4
Studies show that patients have voiced the wish for holistic attention from their physician,5,6 while many GPs acknowledge that meeting these needs should be an integral part of primary care.4,7–9 At the same time, patients and GPs alike report a lack in competencies on the part of the physician in terms of providing holistic primary care, in particular in meeting patients’ spiritual needs.10 Insufficient training offered in the medical school curriculum, as well as in continuous medical education seems to be a major part of the problem.11–14 In addition, studies show that working in interprofessional teams– such as can be the case between GPs and MAs in a primary care setting- contributes to a holistic approach in patient care and can greatly enhance health care provision.15
Within the scope of the “Holistic Care Program for Elderly Patients to Integrate Spiritual Needs, Social Activity and Self-Care into Disease Management in Primary Care” (HoPES3), GPs conducted a spiritual needs assessment.2, 16 If a need for more social contact and/or self-care was identified, MAs would advise patients on social activities in their regions and on self-care options, particularly on the application of home remedies. The above mentioned interventions were taught in a 5-hour workshop which was one essential element in this complex intervention study, following MRC guidelines.16
This paper summarizes the concept, implementation and evaluation of the workshop, focusing on the following research questions:
Is the training concept feasible, i.e., could the workshop be conducted as planned?
How is the acceptance of the training, i.e., how was the training perceived by GPs and MAs?
What modifications could be made to improve the training concept?
Methods
Study Design
This manuscript reports the content, course and evaluation of a workshop for GPs and MAs assigned to the intervention group of the HoPES3 study.
Participants and Setting
16 GPs and 18 MAs participated in the training. The participants had previously been recruited for the HoPES3 study from GP practices in the area of Heidelberg and Tübingen, Germany and were randomly assigned to the intervention group. Details about the recruitment are described in the study protocol.
Intervention: Content and Course of the Workshop
Learning Objectives and Teaching Methods
The HoPES3 study team had designed the training program based on established teaching methods frequently used in the medical curriculum.5,11,17 For GPs and MAs alike, the goal was to raise awareness for holistic primary care, to provide fundamental knowledge, to enhance communication skills,18 and to teach practical skills for the interventions for the HoPES3 study. For GPs in particular, the learning objectives included acquiring practical skills in spiritual history taking and becoming aware of one’s own attitude toward spirituality. From the literature, we know that engaging in self-reflection in small groups can contribute to an increase in spiritual awareness.5,11,19 In addition, physicians’ reflections on their own spirituality or attitude towards it enhances the skills of taking a spiritual history.5,11,17,19 For MAs, specific learning objectives included being trained in consulting patients on appropriate social activity offers and in the use of home remedies.
Introduction of GPs, MAs and the HoPES3 Study Team
Following the introduction of participants and the HoPES3 team, each person was asked to share his or her own personal attitude toward spirituality, using a metaphor: “Spirituality, for me, is like … ”. We then proceeded to explain the theoretical background of the HoPES3 study and the interventions to be delivered to patients by GPs and MAs. A 10-minute movie was shown, demonstrating the prevalence and consequences of loneliness in the elderly. Furthermore, the concept of “social prescribing” in the UK was presented as a “best-practice-example” in the movie.20 After this introduction, GPs and MAs were separated into two groups and rooms, respectively.
Training GPs in Spiritual History Taking
Introduction to the Interview Schedule, SPIR
Following a short, introductory lecture in Spiritual Care, GPs were instructed on how to assess patients’ spiritual needs, using the previously tested semi-structured interview schedule, SPIR21 based on Puchalski’s spiritual interview schedule, FICA19. With the SPIR (see Supplement 1) patients are questioned directly to their spiritual orientation. By doing so, the SPIR takes on a proactive, interventional character. Additionally, a videotaped interview was shown, giving the group an idea of how to apply the SPIR in a clinical setting. Participants received prepared documentation sheets and were asked to document the spiritual assessment viewed in the video.
Group Exercise and Self-Awareness
In order to get acquainted with the interview schedule and to reflect on own spiritual awareness, GPs formed small groups of three and practiced the SPIR and documentation on each other, rotating in their roles of interviewer, interviewee and observer. After each round, there was time for a shared silence moment and for feedback.
Work with Standardized Patients
Finally, GPs gathered together as a whole group for working with standardized patients: GPs had the chance to practice the SPIR in a simulated consultation. For this purpose, standardized patients had been trained by the HoPES3 team prior to the workshop. We developed four different characters, which represented typical, yet varying patient types in the GP practice. These patients differed in their spiritual orientations and the degree of physical impairment (see Supplement 2 for a detailed description of the four character roles). Following each simulated consultation, there was time for giving and receiving feedback in the whole group round.
Training MAs in Counselling on Social Activities and Home Remedies
Talking About Loneliness
MAs received basic information on the causes and consequences of loneliness in old age and were made aware that talking about loneliness is a sensitive issue. Two opposing scenes were shown on video, one with positive, empowering MA-patient-interaction and one with a negative, patronizing communication form. Afterwards, the principles of “Motivational Interviewing” (to create a trustful atmosphere, to ask permission to give patient advice, to elicit the patients’ motivation for change, and to plan change mutually) were introduced. Following this, MAs were asked to reflect these principles and how they may be applied in their daily interactions with patients.
Web-Portal and Role Play on Patient Counselling
As part of the HoPES3 intervention, practices as well as patients will receive access to a web-portal which comprises a database with social offers for seniors in the region of the practice. MAs received tablet computers and were instructed in the functions of the database. Afterwards, MAs received a description of a fictional patient and practiced a conversation about loneliness and social activities in pairs.
Home Remedy Leaflets
Finally, the MAs received a training on the use of home remedies and other self-care interventions. Nine typical complaints of elderly patients, such as joint pains, cold feet, slight cough, headaches, backache, sleeplessness, vertigo and obstipation and their related home remedies were selected on the basis of a literature search and established guidelines in complementary care following the Delphi method. User-optimized information leaflets for these nine common disorders and seventeen appropriate home remedies were developed.
Joint Closing with GPs and MAs
In this final part of the training, the HoPES3 team, GPs, and MAs discussed the process of implementing the interventions into their individual practice routines.
Data Collection
After the joint closing, all participants were asked to evaluate the training. GPs and MAs received two different, two-page self-developed questionnaires which used a Likert scale and additional free text answer options to obtain feedback on the general learning achievements and on individual aspects of the training. The items of the questionnaires are presented in Tables 1 and 2. In addition, impressions gathered from the whole group feedback rounds following each simulated consultation in the GP training were documented.
Table 1.
Evaluation of the Training by GPs
| General Learning Achievement | Strongly Disagree % (n) | Somewhat Disagree % (n) | Somewhat Agree % (n) | Strongly Agree % (n) | No Answer % (n) |
| I learned how to address the spiritual needs of patients | 0 | 8 (1) | 31 (4) | 54 (7) | 8 (1) |
| SPIR is a good and helpful spiritual schedule | 0 | 0 | 39 (5) | 62 (8) | 0 |
| I learned how to document patients’ existential/spiritual/religious needs | 0 | 0 | 69 (9) | 15 (2) | 15 (2) |
| Practicing SPIR in groups of three was helpful | |||||
| … as interviewer | 0 | 0 | 23 (3) | 77 (10) | 0 |
| … as interviewee | 0 | 8 (1) | 23 (3) | 69 (9) | 0 |
| … as observer | 0 | 0 | 46 (6) | 39 (5) | 15 (2) |
| Practicing with standardized patients was helpful and useful | 0 | 0 | 8 (1) | 92 (12) | 0 |
| The feedback round following the exercise with standardized patients was useful | 0 | 0 | 31 (4) | 69 (9) | 0 |
| I can imagine using the SPIR with patients beyond the time frame of this study | 0 | 0 | 46 (6) | 54 (7) | 0 |
| The training made me become more aware of my own spirituality | 8 (1) | 8 (1) | 54 (7) | 31 (4) | 0 |
| I am able to implement the study concept into my daily professional routine | 0 | 0 | 62 (8) | 39 (5) | 0 |
| Individual Aspects of the Training | Dissatisfied % (n) | Somewhat Dissatisfied % (n) | Somewhat Satisfied % (n) | Fully Satisfied % (n) | No Answer % (n) |
| Information content | 0 | 0 | 31 (4) | 69 (9) | 0 |
| Presentation (Didactics, etc.) | 0 | 0 | 23 (3) | 77 (10) | 0 |
| Opportunities to participate | 0 | 0 | 8 (1) | 92 (12) | 0 |
| Work atmosphere | 0 | 0 | 23 (3) | 77 (10) | 0 |
| Practicality/applicability | 0 | 0 | 31 (4) | 69 (9) | 0 |
| Organisation | 0 | 0 | 31 (4) | 69 (9) | 0 |
| Material | 0 | 0 | 54 (7) | 46 (6) | 0 |
| Cooperative communication/exchange | 0 | 0 | 15 (2) | 85 (11) | 0 |
| How satisfied are you with the workshop on the whole? | 0 | 0 | 23 (3) | 77 (10) | 0 |
Table 2.
GPs’ Free-Texts (Examples)
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Data Analysis
The data were analyzed descriptively (means and percentages). We report English translations of the participants’ free texts.
Results
Characteristics of the Participants
Table 3 shows the characteristics of the workshop participants. On average, GPs were 53 (range 36–64) years old with an average work experience of 23 years; 33% (n=5) had additional qualifications in naturopathic treatment. MAs were 45 (range 20–55) years old on average with an average work experience of 19 years. All GPs and MAs were of either Christian or non-religious affiliation.
Table 3.
Characteristics of the Participants
| GP | MA | |
|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | n = 15a | n = 18 |
| Age, years, mean (range) | 53 (36–64) | 45 (20–55) |
| Gender (female) | 47% (n=7) | 100% (n=18) |
| Religious affiliation | ||
| Protestant | 47% (n=7) | 44% (n=8) |
| Catholic | 13% (n=2) | 39% (n=7) |
| Muslim | 0 | 0 |
| Other | 0 | 0 |
| None | 40% (n=6) | 17% (n=3) |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 0 | 17% (n=3) |
| In partnership/married | 93% (n=14) | 83% (n=15) |
| Missing data | 7% (n=1) | 0 |
| Practice model | ||
| Single-person practice | 40% (n=6) | 56% (n=10) |
| Practice cooperation | 60% (n=9) | 44% (n=8) |
| Work experience, years (range) | 23 (4–40) | 19 (1–35) |
| Average weekly working hours in hours, (range) | 48 (20–75) | 30 (19–40) |
| Additional medical titles | ||
| None | 33% (n=5) | |
| Manual medicine | 13% (n=2) | |
| Acupuncture | 13% (n=2) | |
| Homeopathy | 7% (n=1) | |
| Naturopathy | 33% (n=5) | |
| Other | 33% (n=5) | |
| Anthroposophical medicine | 7% (n=1) | |
| Nutritional medicine | 7% (n=1) | |
| Clinical geriatrics | 7% (n=1) | |
| Psychotherapy | 7% (n=1) | |
| Palliative Care | 7% (n=1) |
Note: a16 GPs were trained in the workshop, however we did not obtain the demographic data from one GP.
Results of the Survey
Evaluation by GPs
13 of the 16 participating GPs completed the evaluation questionnaire (response rate 81%).
As Table 1 shows, 100% (n=13) of GPs found the SPIR interview schedule somewhat or strongly helpful in taking a spiritual history. In fact, 100% (n=13) could envision using the SPIR schedule with their patients beyond the time frame of the HoPES3 study. Eighty-five percent (n=11) somewhat or strongly agreed to have learned how to address spiritual needs with their patients and 100% (n=13) stated that they learned how they could implement the study concept into the daily professional routine. One further objective of the training was to promote self-awareness in terms of own spirituality. Here 16% (n=2) felt that this goal was not achieved. The work with standardized patients was considered helpful by all GPs, with 92% (n=12) strongly agreeing to this. In terms of individual aspects of the training schedule including didactics, work atmosphere, organization and training material, all GPs were satisfied, with 77% being fully and 23% somewhat satisfied. Table 2 shows some of the participating GPs’ free-texts.
Evaluation by MAs
17 of the 18 MAs participating in the training completed the evaluation questionnaire (response rate 94%) (Table 4).
Table 4.
Evaluation of the Workshop by MAs
| Prior Knowledge | Very Unsure % (n) | Somewhat Unsure % (n) | Somewhat Sure % (n) | Very Sure % (n) | No Answer % (n) |
| How sure did you feel counselling elder patients in social activity before the workshop? | 0 | 35 (6) | 59 (10) | 6(1) | 0 |
| How sure did you feel advising patients in the use of home remedies before the workshop? | 6 (1) | 47 (8) | 35 (6) | 12 (2) | 0 |
| General Learning Achievement | Strongly Disagree % (n) | Somewhat Disagree % (n) | Somewhat Agree % (n) | Strongly Agree % (n) | No Answer % (n) |
| I learned a lot about loneliness in the elder | 0 | 12 (2) | 65 (11) | 18 (3) | 6 (1) |
| I learned a lot about how to consult patients in terms of social activity | 0 | 6 (1) | 24 (4) | 29 (5) | 41 (7) |
| I learned a lot about self-care | 0 | 12 (2) | 59 (10) | 24 (4) | 6 (1) |
| I learned a lot about how to advise patients in the use of home remedies | 0 | 0 | 41 (7) | 35 (6) | 24 (4) |
| I am able to implement the training methods into my daily professional routine | 0 | 12 (2) | 59 (10) | 29 (5) | 0 |
| Individual Aspects of the Training | Dissatisfied % (n) | Somewhat Dissatisfied % (n) | Somewhat Satisfied % (n) | Fully Satisfied % (n) | No Answer % (n) |
| Information content | 0 | 0 | 47 (8) | 41 (7) | 12 (2) |
| Presentation (Didactics, etc.) | 0 | 0 | 47 (8) | 41 (7) | 12 (2) |
| Opportunities to participate | 0 | 0 | 24 (4) | 65 (11) | 12 (2) |
| Work atmosphere | 0 | 0 | 12 (2) | 77 (13) | 12 (2) |
| Practicality/applicability | 0 | 0 | 41 (7) | 41 (7) | 18 (3) |
| Organization | 0 | 0 | 29 (5) | 59 (10) | 12 (2) |
| Material | 0 | 0 | 24 (4) | 65 (11) | 12 (2) |
| Cooperative communication/exchange | 0 | 6 (1) | 24 (4) | 59 (10) | 12 (2) |
| Videos showing two different communication styles | 0 | 12 (2) | 24 (4) | 53 (9) | 12 (2) |
| Small-group exercise in social activity counseling, using motivational communication style | 0 | 12 (2) | 29 (5) | 29 (5) | 29 (5) |
| Practice of applying home remedies | 0 | 0 | 18 (3) | 71 (12) | 12 (2) |
| How satisfied are you with the workshop on the whole | 0 | 0 | 47 (8) | 41 (7) | 12 (2) |
Concerning the theoretical input, 82% (n=14) of MAs agreed to have learned a lot about loneliness in the elderly and about self-care. Regarding the practical competencies, 77% (n=13) of MAs stated that they learned a lot about instructing patients in the use of home remedies, but only 53% (n=9) agreed that they learned a lot about advising patients on social activity. It was interesting, that 41% (n=7) MAs did not answer this question, and generally, MAs skipped more questions than GPs. The majority of MAs (88%, n=15) stated that they felt capable to implement the HoPES3 interventions into practice after the training.
Discussion
The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility and acceptance of a holistic care training for GPs and MAs in preparation for the interventional phase of the HoPES3 study and to deduce possible modifications to improve the training concept.
Modifications Related to the Feasibility of the Training
Regarding feasibility, our study confirms that the interprofessional, holistic care training was, for the most part, delivered as planned. The learning objectives may, however, have been a bit ambitious for a 5-hour workshop. Thus, the workshop may possibly profit from an extension of the length of the training. At the same time, prolonging the training time may reduce the readiness or capacity of MAs and GPs to attend. One option worth considering may be to offer a 2-day workshop instead, for example by cutting the hours per day to three hours each. This could also provide more space for exchange among MAs, which one MA had mentioned had been lacking. Another solution could be to make use of the blended learning concept, eg, to combine preparatory online educational programs with the in-class workshop.22
Modifications Related to the Acceptance of the Training
Regarding GPs’ Evaluation
GPs’ evaluation shows that the workshop was widely accepted and the learning objectives were achieved. The biggest problem seemed to be eliciting a spiritual history. For some participants, initiating a conversation on spirituality with the patient made them feel odd, uncomfortable, self-conscious and rather insisting. This result is consistent with results found in the existing literature pertaining to spiritual history taking and spiritual care.11,14,23–26 In the literature, we also often find that physicians react positively and openly to patients for addressing spiritual issues first, yet refrain from initiating the first step.27,28
However, as Frick et al and Puchalski and Romer stated, it is precisely the interventional effect of proactively asking the patient about his or her spirituality that may open the door for new and unexpected coping resources.19,21,31 Taking a spiritual history gives the patient “ … permission to talk about those kinds of [spiritual] issues”.19 From current literature, we know that training in spiritual assessment reduces the barriers that exist for GPs to proactively address spiritual needs among their patients.11,26,30,32 The work with standardized patients in a simulated consultation setting was very well received by all participants. In prior studies, training communication skills18 in simulated consultation has not always achieved clear results.29 On the other hand, previous studies demonstrated that GPs who practiced communication skills in simulated patient settings gained more confidence in their ability to lead a spiritual/existential conversation with their patients.11,30
Regarding MAs’ Evaluation
MAs’ evaluation showed that 88% (n=15) were generally satisfied with the training. However, it seemed that some MAs were unsure about how to implement the different tasks into practice. Consequently, methods to strengthen the reflection about implementation are needed. Generally, it is crucial that GPs and MAs interact optimally, in order to understand the role of the other and the potential difficulties in implementing the holistic care program in their respective tasks. Existing literature has confirmed that interprofessional training raises awareness for the specific roles of the different health care providers.5,19
Limitations
Our major limitation was the small sample size. However, HoPES3 is an exploratory study and the effects of the holistic training are yet in the process of being tested. Another limitation was the fact that our sample consisted of GPs and MAs who may have been biased in favor of holistic primary care, since participation in the study was voluntary.
Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first interprofessional, holistic care workshop in a primary care setting in Germany, training GPs in taking a spiritual history and MAs in counselling skills to advise patients on social activities and the use of home remedies. All in all, the training concept was feasible and the acceptance among participants was high. Yet we suggest some modifications in order to improve the training, such as more reflection on the implementation process and the interdisciplinary interaction between GPs and MAs.
Funding Statement
The study is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (funding code 01GL1803).
Data Sharing Statement
The authors do not intend to share individual de-identified participant data. Study results will be published in peer-reviewed journals, preserving the rights of patients, other participants, and cited authors. Data will be shown during scientific congresses, too. Submissions are scheduled for 2021 to 2024. Time of availability is limited by the chosen journals’ policy.
Ethical Approval
The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00015696). It complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies, is in accordance the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Heidelberg (S-730/2018).
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.
Author Contributions
All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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