Abstract
Backgrounds
The COVID-19 pandemic drastically strained the health systems worldwide, obligating the reassessment of how healthcare is delivered. In Lombardia, Italy, a Regional Emergency Committee (REC) was established and the regional health system reorganized, with only three hospitals designated as hubs for trauma care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of this reorganization of regional care, comparing the distribution of patients before and during the COVID-19 outbreak and to describe changes in the epidemiology of severe trauma among the two periods.
Methods
A cohort study was conducted using retrospectively collected data from the Regional Trauma Registry of Lombardia (LTR). We compared the data of trauma patients admitted to three hub hospitals before the COVID-19 outbreak (September 1 to November 19, 2019) with those recorded during the pandemic (February 21 to May 10, 2020) in the same hospitals. Demographic data, level of pre-hospital care (Advanced Life Support-ALS, Basic Life Support-BLS), type of transportation, mechanism of injury (MOI), abbreviated injury score (AIS, 1998 version), injury severity score (ISS), revised trauma score (RTS), and ICU admission and survival outcome of all the patients admitted to the three trauma centers designed as hubs, were reviewed. Screening for COVID-19 was performed with nasopharyngeal swabs, chest ultrasound, and/or computed tomography.
Results
During the COVID-19 pandemic, trauma patients admitted to the hubs increased (46.4% vs 28.3%, p < 0.001) with an increase in pre-hospital time (71.8 vs 61.3 min, p < 0.01), while observed in hospital mortality was unaffected. TRISS, ISS, AIS, and ICU admission were similar in both periods. During the COVID-19 outbreak, we observed substantial changes in MOI of severe trauma patients admitted to three hubs, with increases of unintentional (31.9% vs 18.5%, p < 0.05) and intentional falls (8.4% vs 1.2%, p < 0.05), whereas the pandemic restrictions reduced road- related injuries (35.6% vs 60%, p < 0.05). Deaths on scene were significantly increased (17.7% vs 6.8%, p < 0.001).
Conclusions
The COVID-19 outbreak affected the epidemiology of severe trauma patients. An increase in trauma patient admissions to a few designated facilities with high level of care obtained satisfactory results, while COVID-19 patients overwhelmed resources of most other hospitals.
Keywords: Trauma, Emergency, COVID-19, Trauma care
Background
The COVID-19 epidemic started in Italy on February 21, 2020, with the first Italian case diagnosed in Codogno, a little town in Lombardia, a region of the Northern Italy. Lombardia has an area of 24,000 km2 (9302 square miles), with 9,737,074 residents (1046 persons per square mile) and at least one million daily commuters. As the spread of COVID-19 was rapid and devastating in this highly populated area, all emergency departments (ED) were suddenly put under pressure by an overwhelming number of patients with acute respiratory distress requiring intensive care unit (ICU) support. Lombardia was one of the first places in the world to be affected this drastically; thus, guidance for care of COVID-19 was largely non-existent. A Regional Emergency Committee (REC) was established and the regional health system reorganized. This reorganization included the interruption of elective surgical activities in order to increase the number of available ward beds and redirect the time of the anesthesiology staff, who began converting operating and recovery rooms into additional intensive care unit beds [1]. A new distribution of patients with time-dependent pathologies, such as trauma, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and stroke, were then designated to a few hospitals considered as hubs. In the “pre-COVID-19” era, the regional trauma network had six level 1 and 18 level 2 trauma centers, all with neurosurgical services. Based on previous epidemiologic studies [2], 3800 major trauma per year are to be expected, 37% road-related and 75% requiring ICU admission. Due to the epidemic outbreak, the REC established a lockdown policy starting on March 8, and a decrease of road-related trauma patients was anticipated. The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACS-COT) [3] guidelines for COVID response provided a general framework for the pandemic response, stating to preserve the hospital capacity for severe trauma patients through a reorganization of the regional systems.
In Italy, the trauma network was reorganized in order to funnel COVID-19 patients to defined locations with dedicated ICU resources and reallocate the regional trauma flow to ensure optimal trauma care.
Three adult level 1 trauma centers with all specialties available 24/7 and dedicated trauma care, and one referral center for pediatric trauma, were established as hubs for the major trauma of the region.
One adult center was in the mid-west, the second in the northwest and the third in the northeast (respectively, the cities of Milano, Varese, and Brescia). The pediatric center was in the middle of the region (Bergamo). Most level 2 trauma centers were partially or totally converted into COVID-19 hospitals. Pre-hospital triage rules of the Emergency Medical System (EMS) were established as follows: patients with unstable vital signs or evidence of a critical injury on scene were directly admitted to the closest level 1 trauma center, with an increased use of air ambulance; patients with normal vital signs who sustained a high energy mechanism of trauma and no evidence of critical injury were preferentially sent to the closest available level 2 trauma center.
Using the regional trauma registry, we analyzed data of trauma patients admitted to the three trauma centers designed as hubs during the pandemic, comparing the results with those of the same centers during the pre-COVID-19 period. The aim of the study was to evaluate how the trauma system reassessment was able to guarantee trauma access and care. Moreover, we evaluated how the COVID-19 outbreak modified the epidemiology of major trauma in our region.
Methods
The Lombardia Trauma Registry (LTR) started in 2018 with a progressive addition of the emergency departments (ED) and dispatch centers of the region. This process was concluded in August 2019. The institution of LTR was approved by Ethics Committee Milano Area 2 on July 17, 2018 (record number 569/2018). Inclusion criteria of trauma patients in the LTR were (a) admission to a regional level 1 or 2 trauma center and (b) transport by EMS with pre-alert of hospital trauma team or (c) the presence at hospital evaluation of a critical injury.
Demographic data, level of pre-hospital care (advanced life support-ALS, basic life support-BLS), type of transportation, pre-hospital time, mechanism of injury (MOI), abbreviated injury score (AIS, 1998 version), injury severity score (ISS), revised trauma score (RTS), ICU admission and survival outcome of all the patients admitted to the trauma centers of Milano Niguarda, Varese Ospedale di Circolo, and Brescia Spedali Civili were retrospectively reviewed. Conventionally, an ISS < 16 was defined as minor trauma. Expected mortality was obtained by Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) system.
Motor vehicle collisions, motorcycle collisions, bicycle collisions, and pedestrians hit by a vehicle were defined collectively as road-related trauma. Moreover, according to the trauma intentionality, injuries were stratified as intentional (either self-inflicted or resulting from interpersonal violence) or un-intentional (road traffic, work related injuries, accidental falls and other accidental injuries) [4]. MOI was defined as “not classified” if the retrieval of MOI from the registry was not available. Patients pronounced dead on the scene and the MOI which caused the death were recorded whenever possible. Patients who were dead on arrival in the emergency department were considered in-hospital deaths.
Trauma patients were defined as “triage code 1” if unstable vital signs unresponsive to initial resuscitation were recorded on the scene, and “triage code 2” if unstable vital signs responsive to initial resuscitation or anatomy of critical injury were observed. “Triage code 3” patients had a high energy trauma mechanism without altered vital signs and no evidence of a major injury. Guidelines by the REC were to send codes 1 and 2 patients, whenever possible, to one of the three hubs and code 3 patients to the closest level 2 trauma center.
Data were analyzed with statistical software (R-cran). The sample distribution was evaluated with Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests resulting in a non-Gaussian distribution for any of the examined variable. Continuous variables were compared using Mann-Whitney tests, while categorical variables were analyzed using Pearson’s Chi-squared test. A p value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.
Two different periods of the same length of time (12 weeks) before and during the epidemic outbreak, with the participation to LTR of all regional areas, were compared. The period from February 21 to May 10, 2020, was indicated as the COVID-19 period, while the period from September 1 to November 19, 2019, and was defined as the no-COVID-19. The no-COVID-19 period was chosen because of the availability of data from all the region, since LTR activation was concluded on August 2019.
Results
Though the absolute number of trauma patients transported by EMS was reduced by 35% during the COVID-19 outbreak, the percent of trauma patients admitted to the three hubs was significantly increased (Table 1).
Table 1.
Demographic data of patients transported to the three hubs
| COVID-19 | no COVID-19 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total trauma transported by EMS | 744 | 1150 | |
| Total transported to the hubs [n (%)] | 345 (46.4) | 325 (28.3) | 0.001* |
| Male [n (%)] | 262 (75.9) | 248 (76.3) | 0.92 |
| Age [median (IQR)] |
48 (34-64) |
43.0 (27-62) |
0.017* |
| Penetrating [n (%)] | 32 (9.3) | 17 (5.2) | 0.063 |
| Triage code 1 [n (%)] | 103 (29.9) | 111 (34.2) | 0.267 |
| Triage code 2 [n (%)] | 235 (68.1) | 201 (61.8) | 0.105 |
| Triage code 3[n (%)] | 7 (2.0) | 13 (4.0) | 0.204 |
| Admitted [n (%)] | 266 (77.1) | 237 (72.9) | 0.32 |
|
ISS (of admitted pts) [median (IQR)] |
13 8-21.75 |
14 8-25 |
0.44 |
| ISS < 16 [n (%)] | 150 (56.4) | 131 (55.3) | 0.871 |
| ISS 16-24 [n (%)] | 61 (22.9) | 46 (19.4) | 0.393 |
| ISS > 24 [n (%)] | 55 (20.7) | 60 (25.3) | 0.258 |
| Helicopter ALS with doctor [n (%)] | 100 (29) | 71 (21.8) | 0.042* |
| Ground ALS with nurse [n (%)] | 20 (5.8) | 25 (7.7) | 0.409 |
| Ground ALS with doctor [n (%)] | 136 (39.4) | 155 (47.7) | 0.037* |
| Ground BLS with paramedic [n (%)] | 80 (23.2) | 64 (19.7) | 0.314 |
| Transfer from other Hospital [n (%)] | 9 (2.6) | 10 (3.1) | 0.895 |
| AIS ≥ 3 head and neck [n (%)] | 99 (37.2) | 92 (34.6) | 0.782 |
| AIS ≥ 3 chest [n (%)] | 103 (38.7) | 88 (33.1) | 0.783 |
| AIS ≥ 3 abdomen [n (%)] | 62 (23.3) | 48 (18) | 0.472 |
| AIS ≥ 3 skeletal [n (%)] | 106 (39.8) | 95 (35.7) | 1.000 |
| ICU admission [n (%)] | 92 (34.6) | 98 (41.4) | 0.142 |
| Surgery < 24 h (%) | 35 (13.2) | 33 (13.9) | 0.904 |
| Died on ED [n (%)] | 5 (1.9) | 1 (0.4) | 0.275 |
| Died in the hospital [n (%)] | 18 (6.8) | 19 (8) | 0.715 |
| TRISS expected hospital mortality (%) | 9.9 | 11.5 | 0.901 |
| Observed hospital mortality (%) | 6.8 | 8 | 0.634 |
| Delta between observed and expected hospital mortality | −3.1 | −3.5 | 1.000 |
*: ≤ 0.05
EMS emergency medical system, ISS injury severity score, AIS abbreviated injury scale, ED emergency department, ALS advanced life support, BLS basic life support, TRISS trauma and injury score
Subsequent data of Tables 1 and 2 concern exclusively the patients transported to the three adult trauma centers of the region.
Table 2.
Mechanism of injury (MOI) and patients’ age during COVID-19 and no COVID-19 periods
| Age [median (IQR)] | No classified [n (%)] | Stab [n (%)] | Road related [n (%)] | Falls [n (%)] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 period (345 patients) | |||||
| Unintentional | 50 (34-64) | 28 (8.1) | 6 (1.7) | 123 (35.6)** | 110 (31.9)* |
| Intentional (self inflicted) | 36 (24.5-63) | 1 (0.3) | 10 (2.9) | - | 29 (8.4)* |
| Intentional (by others) | 44 (31.8-51) | 1 (0.3) | 19 (5.5) | - | - |
| Unknown | 52 (40.5-76) | 4 (1.1) | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 11 (3.2) |
| Total | 34 (9.8) | 36 (10.4) | 125 (36.2) | 150 (43.5) | |
| no-COVID-19 period (325 patients) | |||||
| Unintentional | 43 (26.5-61.5) | 21 (6.4) | 3 (0.8) | 195 (60) | 60 (18.5) |
| Intentional (self inflicted) | 37.5 (23.8-58.5) | 3 (0.9) | 5 (1.5) | - | 4 (1.2) |
| Intentional (by others) | 30 (24.4-31) | 5 (1.5) | 8 (2.5) | - | 2 (0.6) |
| Unknown | 63 (47.5-84) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 15 (4.6) |
| Total | 31 (9.5) | 17 (5.2) | 196 (60.3) | 81 (24.9) | |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.001
The median age was significantly higher during COVID-19. No difference in triage categories, median ISS, and percentage of ISS clusters was observed. Patients with minor trauma directly discharged from the ED or admitted with an ISS < 16, were 67% in the no COVID-19 period and 66% in the COVID-19. In the COVID-19 period, the number of patients transported with air ambulance was significantly higher with a decrease in the use of ground ambulances with doctors.
Data of the severity of patients admitted to the trauma centers and hospital outcome are summarized in the lower part of Table 1. No difference was observed between head, chest, abdomen, and skeletal injuries. The rate of ICU admissions and surgery within 24 h was similar and no difference was observed in hospital mortality, both in the ED and after admission. The observed hospital mortality was lower than the expected one calculated with TRISS, with a similar delta. Therefore, logistic regression model was not performed, given the few differences among the groups at the univariate analysis.
In the COVID-19 period, a consistent change of MOIs of severe trauma patients admitted to the three hubs was recorded (Table 2). During the lockdown, road-related trauma decreased, while an unexpected increase in falls was observed. Most falls occurred in the domestic setting and the number of intentional falls for suicide attempt increased sevenfold, compared with the no COVID-19 period. Stab wounds increased in the COVID-19 period, both self-inflicted and due to interpersonal violence, though not reaching statistical significance given the small number of cases. Differences of trends of MOIs during the 12 weeks of the two periods are shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Trends of different mechanisms of trauma in the two compared periods
This difference of MOI is further strengthened by the analysis of pre-hospital deaths (Table 3).
Table 3.
Deaths on the scene and total number of patients with unintentional and intentional injuries
| Number of deaths | COVID-19 N° 744 |
no COVID-19 N° 1150 |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total deaths on scene [n (%)] | 130 (17.5) | 78 (6.8) | < 0.001a |
| Unintentional road-related [n (%)] | 21 (2.8) | 20 (1.7) | 0.138 |
| Unintentional falls [n (%)] | 12 (1.6) | 6 (0.5) | 0.899 |
| Others unintentional [n (%)] | 5 (0.7) | 5 (0.4) | 0.616 |
| Intentional falls [n (%)] | 14 (1.9) | 6 (0.5) | 0.627 |
| Self inflicted stabs [n (%)] | 10 (1.3) | 5 (0.4) | 0.945 |
| Others self-inflicted [n (%)] | 34 (4.6) | 16 (1.4) | 0.451 |
| Stab from interpersonal violence [n (%)] | 2 (0.2) | - | |
| Others from interpersonal violence [n (%)] | 2 (0.2) | - | |
| Human intent unknown [n (%)] | 30 (4.0) | 20 (1.7) | 0.802 |
| Deaths on scene plus in hospital deaths for unintentional injuries [n (%)] | 305 (41.0) | 310 (26.9) | < 0.001a |
| Death on scene plus pts admitted to hospitals for intentional injuries [n (%)] | 122 (16.4) | 54 (4.7) | < 0.001a |
aStatistical significance
Patients declared dead on scene were double during the COVID-19 period, with an increase of intentional injuries, both self-inflicted and from interpersonal violence. Pre-hospital mortality was 17.5% of all trauma patients assisted by EMS in COVID-19 period and only 6.8% in the no COVID-19 period.
When considering the sum of pre-hospital deaths with patients admitted to the hubs for intentional and unintentional injuries, a statistically significant increase in intentional injuries during the COVID-19 compared with the no-COVID-19 period (16% vs 4.7% of the trauma population) was observed.
Table 4 describes pre-hospital time, from first call to arrival of basic life support (BLS) crew on scene, from BLS arrival to departure from scene, transportation time, from first call to advanced life support (ALS) crew arrival on scene, from BLS to ALS arrival on scene, total pre-hospital time (with and without the time of BLS arrival). Pre-hospital time was significantly longer in the COVID-19 period, for both higher time on scene and transportation time.
Table 4.
Out of hospital time in minutes
| COVID-19 | No COVID-19 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IQ 25 | Median | IQ 75 | IQ 25 | Median | IQ 75 | |
| Call-BLS | 9.0 | 12.0 | 16 | 7 | 10.0 | 12.0 |
| BLS on scene | 26.0 | 37.0 | 49 | 23 | 32.0 | 44.0 |
| Transport | 10.0 | 14.0 | 22 | 7 | 11.0 | 18.0 |
| Call-ALS | 15.0 | 19.0 | 27 | 11 | 15.0 | 21.0 |
| BLS-ALS | 2.0 | 5.0 | 12 | 2 | 4.5 | 9.2 |
| PH time (total) | 55.2 | 68.5 | 83 | 48 | 58.0* | 70.0 |
| PH time (without BLS time) | 43.0 | 54.0 | 70 | 37 | 46.0* | 60.0 |
PH pre-hospital, ALS advanced life support, BLS basic life support. *p ≤ 0.01
Discussion
Due to the COVID-19 epidemic outbreak, most of the medical resources were shifted away from the standard activities and allocated to the care of COVID-19 patients. A big challenge of the regional health systems was to maintain an adequate level of care facilities open for non-deferrable pathologies, such as strokes, STEMI, and trauma. The present study describes the adaptive strategy of the Lombardia trauma system and changes in the epidemiology of severe trauma patients during the epidemic. This study is the first one using the regional-based registry in the area most affected by the epidemic in Italy.
This study showed how the reassessment of regional trauma system during the COVID-19 pandemic through the centralization of trauma patients to three specialized hubs ensured high level of care despite the longer transport times. The number of trauma patients transported to the three hubs and the number of admissions after ED evaluation increased compared with the no-COVID period, without significant changes in the severity of injuries and hospital mortality. In the three hubs, the staff of doctors and nurses was increased with the temporary transfer of health care personnel from non-hub facilities.
During the COVID-19 outbreak, 95% of patients transported to the three hubs were in triage code 1 or 2, with an increased use of helicopter transportation. The triage categories derived from the Trauma System of Northern French Alps (TRENAU) [5] are recommended by the Italian Ministry of Health because of the high sensitivity and good specificity [6]. The aliquot of admitted patients with ISS < 16 was still high and this observation suggests the need of further training of our emergency trauma system with the new triage rules to decrease over triage. It is important to mention that ISS alone is an anatomical index, while the severity of patient should be evaluated also with other indicators, such as need of direct transfer of the patient from ED to OR or ICU.
This study showed epidemiologic changes in trauma mechanisms of patients admitted to the three hubs during the pandemic, demonstrating an increase of intentional injuries, in particular falls for suicide attempt, with a decrease of road-related trauma. It is important to underline that our data exclusively look at the three level 1 trauma centers active during the pandemic, while there is no information on the patients admitted to level 2 hospitals. However, a major trauma patient without EMS involvement and admitted to a non-hub hospital was unlikely because all ICU beds in these facilities were used for COVID patients.
The decrease of injuries due to road-related causes and incidents at the workplace was expected due to the lockdown. Normally these two mechanisms account for 37% of major trauma in Lombardia [2], and this was roughly the rate of decrease in trauma patients assisted by EMS. An Italian surgical survey showed that trauma care has decreased almost everywhere, but the number of trauma admissions was not reported [7]. Our results are consistent with reports of other countries. Hernigou et al. reported a reduction of 32% in orthopedic trauma admission in Belgium [8]. In a retrospective analysis of trauma admissions in Portsmouth New Hampshire (USA), a decrease in overall trauma admissions of 57.4% was noted, with an 80.5% decrease in motor-vehicle collisions [9]. In a report from a Chinese town [10], the lockdown reduced the volume of trauma patients by 39%, with a higher decrease in the number of male patients. Trauma patients returned to normal levels only after the end of pandemic peak and lockdown.
The change in epidemiology with an increase of intentional trauma confirms previous reports after natural disasters, defined as events in which a multitude of persons are contemporaneously exposed to a life-threatening situation. An increased interpersonal violence has been described after earthquakes, tsunamis, and hurricanes. The breakdown of the social security system and the increased violence of intimate partners against women have been considered to be possible causes [11]. Our data showed a trend toward an increase in penetrating trauma, principally stab wounds that occurred in the domestic setting. The most interesting observation of the present study was the marked increase of suicide attempts admitted to the hubs. This increase was mostly due to voluntary falls from height, as confirmed by data of pre-hospital deaths combined with those of hospital admissions. It has been described [12] that loss of family members or loved ones, personal threats of life, forced restriction of freedom, collapse of social cohesion, and the burden of economic derangement may cause an increase in depressive and anxious behaviors in at risk persons. In a study from Cleveland, Ohio (USA) [13], a higher prevalence of psychiatric disease (from 26 to 43%) among orthopedic trauma was observed during the peak of pandemic in the Winter and Spring 2020. It has been concluded that stress induced by COVID-19 produces a higher risk of dangerous behaviors in persons with mental illness. In general, these observations outline the need of preventive measures on at risk populations or persons exposed to emotive stress, including healthcare workers, as supported by Chinese and other Asian studies during the early phase of the pandemic [14, 15] and by European reports [16].
Our results are in-line with the study of Qasim Z. et al [17], who describes an effective reorganization of the trauma system during the COVID-19 period, showing also a decrease of road-related trauma and an increase in trauma due to self-inflicted or interpersonal violence.
The increase in falls during the COVID-19 period could explain in part the higher pre-hospital mortality. The number of intentional jumpers pronounced dead on scene during the COVID-19 period was more than twofold compared to the no-COVID-19 time, even if a significant difference was not observed due to the small number of observations. As already reported by other studies [18, 19], after a vertical deceleration trauma, intentional jumpers demonstrated a significantly higher mortality compared to accidental fallers (20.4% vs 5.2%).
Finally, the pre-hospital time was more prolonged during the COVID-19 period, with an increased use of air transportation because of the longer distance for centralization and ground ALS staff less available as they were engaged in intensive care services for the COVID-19 patients. Notwithstanding the increased pre-hospital time, the hospital mortality was unchanged. These data could reflect the effect of the high levels of care given by pre-hospital crews, mainly represented by doctors and nurses, and by specialized trauma centers. Indeed, observed survival was higher than the expected one with TRISS calculation and this result suggests a survival advantage in patients treated in the three trauma centers of the study. This advantage was maintained during the COVID-19 period to confirm a good performance of the regional trauma system notwithstanding the spread of pandemic. The reorganization of the regional trauma system was able to avoid an impairment of the delivery of trauma care due to the diversion of critical resources [20]. Therefore, the reorganization of the trauma systems in Lombardia during the COVID-19 period showed to be effective, showing no differences in outcome measures between the two periods. Indeed, our experience highlights the importance of remodeling access to trauma centers during a pandemic, to ensure the correct management of trauma emergency in specialized centers.
However, during the COVID-19 period, a general reduction of the absolute number of trauma patients transported to the three hubs was shown, while the severity was the same. Moreover, the healthcare staff of hubs was reinforced, with additional doctors and nurses. All these conditions probably contributed to maintain a high level of care in these hospitals.
This study has several limitations. First, it is a retrospective analysis from a regional trauma registry recently established, with all possible inaccuracies related to incorrect compilation of items.
Second, the study concerns only patients transported to the three level 1 trauma centers, while there is no information on those who were admitted to other hospitals of the trauma network. However, our results are mainly based on simple parameters easy to obtain or automatically recorded by EMS, such as outcome, place of death, type of transportation, triage code, and mechanism of injury, where an error is unlikely. Moreover, the primary criterion for including the patients in the regional trauma registry is the alert of EMS for a traumatic event and it is unlikely that in case of a serious accident such an alert is not implemented or that EMS would transport the patient to a non-hub hospital.
Finally, another limitation of this study is that we compared two different seasons, with possible bias in MOI distribution. The regional trauma registry started for all the region only in August 2019; therefore, previous data were not available. Nevertheless, the epidemiology of major trauma in the Lombardia region is not different in Autumn compared with Spring, as shown in previous studies [2].
Conclusions
In conclusion, our results show that reassessment measures are needed to maintain trauma center access and trauma team safety while also caring for other critically ill patients. Therefore, this important lesson should be taken into account during future emergency periods such as this one.
The emergency lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic in Lombardia led to a reduction of major trauma, especially road-related injuries. The number of patients with intentional injuries admitted to the active level 1 trauma centers was greatly increased during the lockdown and this result would merit further analysis to assess the role of pre-existing factors and their interaction with the imposed restrictions. An increase in centralization to fewer facilities with high level of care obtained satisfactory results in the capability of the health system to take care of trauma emergencies while COVID-19 patients overwhelmed resources of most hospitals.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Dr. Shailvi Gupta, from the Adams Cowley Shock and Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, for the language revision and the precious help and support in the realization of this study.
Abbreviations
- ACS-COT
American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma
- AIS
Abbreviated injury score
- ALS
Advanced life support
- BLS
Basic life support
- ED
Emergency department
- EMS
Emergency medical system
- ICU
Intensive care unit
- ISS
Injury severity score
- LTR
Regional Trauma Registry of Lombardia
- MOI
Mechanism of trauma
- OR
Operating room
- REC
Regional Emergency Committee
- RTS
Revised trauma score
- TRISS
Trauma and injury severity score
Authors’ contributions
RG, AL, HG, GB, and OC contributed to the manuscript to concept the study design, data analysis, data interpretation, and article drafting. CM, NL, AP, RF, LC, RF, AC, LB, FS, GS, AZ, AP, GF, EB, AP, OV, MB, and MC contributed to data collection and article drafting. DF contributed to data analysis and interpretation. ER, RB, and OC contributed to data interpretation and manuscript critical revisions. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.