Abstract
Aorto-right ventricular fistula is a potentially fatal complication following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). This paper presents a case of successful percutaneous repair of aorto-right ventricular fistula and paravalvular leak after TAVI by using 3D-printed models for pre-procedural planning, and a review of published aorto-right ventricular fistula cases to date. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.)
Key Words: aortic valve, complication, valve replacement
Abbreviations and Acronyms: CT, computed topography; PPM, permanent pacemaker; PVL, paravalvular leak; Qp, pulmonary flow; Qs, systemic flow; TAVI, transcatheter aortic valve implantation; VSD, ventricular septal defect
Graphical abstract
Aorto-right ventricular fistula is a potentially fatal complication following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). This paper presents…
Case
Presentation
A 76-year-old male presented for evaluation of symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Despite having a Society of Thoracic Surgeon score of 3%, he was recommended for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) by 2 surgeons due to his comorbidities.
Learning Objectives
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To recognize and anticipate aorto-right ventricular (RV) fistula as an early complication of transcatheter aortic valve implantation;
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To realize the safety and feasibility of percutaneous closure of aorto-RV fistula;
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To recognize the role of the 3-dimensional models in planning complex structural heart interventions.
Medical history
The patient had a medical history significant for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnea with reported noncompliance with continuous positive airway pressure therapy, severe arthritis, and polyneuropathy which severely limited his ambulation capacity and gait stability, and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation on chronic anticoagulation.
Investigations
Transthoracic echocardiography showed an aortic valve mean gradient of 51 mm Hg, a peak velocity of 4.2 m/s, and an aortic valve area of 0.6 cm2. Pre-procedural computed tomography (CT) (Figure 1) was performed, and an aortic annulus of 32- × 26-mm with an area of 660 mm2 was measured.
Figure 1.
Pre-Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Computed Topography
Initial intervention
The patient underwent transesophageal echocardiogram-guided TAVR using a Sapien 3 29-mm (Edwards Lifescience, Irvine, California) using a right femoral approach at an outside hospital. Immediately after deployment, there was evidence of a moderate paravalvular leak (PVL), and additional balloon inflations reduced the leak to mild. The procedure was complicated immediately by new first-degree atrio-ventricular block, and left bundle branch block requiring temporary pacing. At 3 days after the procedure, the patient developed complete heart block and underwent permanent pacemaker placement. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms showed aorto-right ventricular fistula with a concern for supra-annular tear or rupture with a small PVL. He was hemodynamically stable and so was managed conservatively. Two weeks later, he was rehospitalized for syncope and was noted to be in clinical acute heart failure. His permanent pacemaker (PPM) was interrogated and showed unsustained ventricular tachycardia. A repeated transthoracic echocardiography did not show any significant change from prior tests, suggesting increased right ventricular pressure and volume overload as possible causes for his ventricular tachycardia. Electrophysiology staff were consulted and recommended that the patient be discharged on LifeVest (Zoll Medical, Chelmsford, Massachusetts) pending closure of his fistula and PVL. Right heart catheterization done at that admission showed a pulmonary flow/systemic flow (Qp/Qs) ratio of 1.43. A heart team discussion was held, and the decision was to pursue percutaneous approach.
The patient was subsequently transferred to the authors’ hospital for further management of aorto-right ventricular fistula and PVL. The fistula was measured and evaluated by cardiac CT (Figure 2). CT data were processed with Mimics Innovation Suite software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) to create a 3-dimensional (3D) model incorporating the relevant anatomy and printed (Figure 3) using an Objet 360 printer (Statasys, Eden Prarie, Minnesota). This model was reviewed by the interventional team to aid in planning the procedure.
Figure 2.
Computed Tomography Scan Images Showing the Anatomy of the Aorto-Right Ventricular Fistula
Figure 3.
3-Dimensional Model of the Patient’s Aortic Valve and Ascending Aorta Showing the Prosthetic Valve and the Aorto-Right Ventricular Fistula Location
Management
Under transesophageal guidance (Video 1), the defect was crossed with a Wholey wire (Covidien, Mansfield, Massachusetts) (Video 2), over which a glide catheter was advanced, and then an Amplatzer Super Stiff wire (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, Massachusetts) was advanced. The glide catheter and 6-F left femoral artery sheath were removed and a 7-F shuttle sheath was advanced from left femoral artery to right ventricle. An 8-mm ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure device was then advanced across the fistula (Video 3). The RV sheath was deployed, and the left side disc was unsheathed. The device was examined fluoroscopically in multiple views. Despite the left side disc expansion being limited by the transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) prosthesis, multiple push and pull maneuvers confirmed device stability, and it was successfully deployed (Figure 4).
Online Video 1.
Transesophageal echocardiography with color doppler across the fistula tract.
Online Video 2.
Crossing the fistula using Wholey wire.
Online Video 3.
Delivery of the VSD closure device using 7-F shuttle sheath. VSD = ventricular septal defect.
Figure 4.
Fluoroscopic Image of Successful Implantation of Ventricular Septal Defect Occluder Device
Post-deployment transesophageal echocardiogram (Video 4) shunt study showed reduction in right ventricle saturations from 88% to 63% in setting of right ventricle saturations of 60%, suggesting nearly complete abolition of left-to-right shunt. The patient was discharged home on therapy that included aspirin, 81 mg, warfarin, dose managed by anticoagulation pharmacy, metoprolol tartrate, 50 mg twice daily, and daily torsemide, 20 mg daily. Four months after the procedure, the patient was brought back to close his paravalvular leak that had progressed in severity, requiring 2 Amplatzer vascular plugs, 8-mm devices deployed successfully (Figure 5) under transesophageal echocardiogram guidance (Videos 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9). Electrophysiology reevaluated the patient at that time. He had no shocks from his LifeVest. His PPM interrogation showed no recurrence of his ventricular tachycardia, and recommendations were against upgrading his PPM to an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Use of his LifeVest was discontinued, and he was discharged home on unchanged medical regimen.
Online Video 4.
Transesophageal echocardiography after device deployment showing near complete cessation of flow across the fistula.
Figure 5.
Final Fluoroscopic Image After Successful Implantation of Ventricular Septal Defect and 2 Amplatzer Vascular Plugs
Online Video 5.
TEE showing color doppler across the paravalvular leak. TEE = transesophageal echocardiogram.
Online Video 6.
Successful crossing of the PVL. PVL = paravalvular leak.
Online Video 7.
Delivery of the first AVP across the PVL. AVP = Amplatzer vascular plug; other abbreviation as in Video 6.
Online Video 8.
Delivery of the second AVP across the PVL. Abbreviations as in Videos 6 and 7.
Online Video 9.
Transesophageal echocardiography with color Doppler after deployment of the second AVP across the PVL. Abbreviations as in Videos 6 and 7.
At 23 months follow-up, the patient continued to do well with NYHA functional class II symptoms on a chronic regimen of aspirin, 81 mg daily, warfarin, dose managed by anticoagulation clinic, metoprolol tartrate, 50 mg twice daily, and diuretic therapy with daily 20 mg of torsemide. Follow- up transthoracic echocardiograms showed normally functioning prosthesis, no further PVL, and a well-seated VSD device with a small leak around the device, but no significant shunting was noted. His routine device interrogation showed no further recurrence of his ventricular tachycardia.
Discussion
Despite the fact that aorto-RV fistula is a rare complication, the increasing number of TAVR procedures used across the United States will result in encountering rare complications more frequently. There are no guidelines available to assist with management of those patients. Aorto-RV fistula closure using a percutaneous device represents a technical challenge because the TAVI valve is expected to interfere with secure placement of larger closure devices like VSD occludes.
This paper reports the case of successful closure of aorto-RV fistula and PVL after TAVI using a VSD occluder device and 2 Amplatzer vascular plugs. A comprehensive search of published studies revealed only 12 cases of aorto-RV fistula following TAVR with high mortality rate (Table 1) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12). All 4 patients who underwent percutaneous repair survived, and 3 of the other 8 cases managed conservatively died. Society of Thoracic Surgeon scores, root measurements, or aortic calcifications were not reported in those cases. All patients were treated using balloon expandable valves. All had significant left-to-right shunts which were evident by high Qp/Qs ratios with the onset of congestive heart failure symptoms in 2 to 4 weeks after the index procedure.
Table 1.
Comparison of All Published Cases of Aorto-RV Fistula
| First Author (Ref. #) | Age, yrs/Sex | Valve Size | PVL Onset After TAVI | Reported Symptoms | Qp/Qs Ratio | Management | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shakoor et al. (1) | 89/M | SAPIEN 29-mm | 30 days | Dyspnea on exertion | 1.39 | Observation | Died |
| Pilgrim et al. (2) | 91/F | SAPIEN 26-mm | 1 month | Dyspnea on exertion | 1.4 | Coil embolization | Survived |
| Leroux et al. (3) | 47/M | SAPIEN XT 26-mm | 3 weeks | N/A | N/A | Observation | Died |
| Leu et al. (4) | 78/F | SAPIEN 26-mm | 2 weeks | N/A | 1.13 | Observation | Survived |
| Muñoz-García et al. (5) | 85/M | CoreValve 29-mm | 72 h | Asymptomatic | 1.53 | Observation | Survived |
| Nakamura et al. (6) | 54/M | SAPIEN XT 29-mm | 5 days | BiV failure | 1.7 | ASD occluder | Survived |
| Hagiwara et al. (7) | 83/M | SAPIEN XT 29-mm | Immediate | N/A | 1 | Observation | Survived |
| Hamandi et al. (8) | 93/M | SAPIEN XT 29-mm | 1 day | N/A | VSD occluder | Survived | |
| Almanfi et al. (9) | 92/M | SAPIENT XT 29-mm | 1 day | Asymptomatic | none | Observation | Survived |
| Vainrib et al. (10) | 91/M | CoreValve 29-mm | 4 months | CHF symptoms | N/A | AVP vascular plug | Survived |
| Verma et al. (11) | 80/M | CoreValve 29-mm, followed by second CoreValve 29-mm for severe intravalvular leak | Immediate | Asymptomatic | 1 | Observation | Survived |
| Konda et al. (12) | 88/F | SAPIEN XT 26-mm | 2 weeks | None initially, then developed CHF after 3 months | 2:1 | Refused | Died |
| Alabbady et al. | 76/M | Sapien 3 29-mm | 2 weeks | Progressive since procedure, CHF 2 weeks | 1.43 | VSD occluder | Survived |
ASD = atrial septal defect; BiV = bi-ventricular; CHF = congestive heart failure; N/A = not available; PVL = paravalvular leak; Qp/Qs = pulmonary flow/systemic flow ratio; RV = right ventricle; TAVI = transcatheter aortic valve implantation; VSD = ventricular septal defect.
Conclusions
Aorto-RV fistula is a rare but serious and potentially fatal complication following TAVR. Percutaneous repair is feasible and safe and should be strongly considered in symptomatic patients with significant Qp/Qs ratios. More data are needed to evaluate outcomes and determine the optimal strategies for repair.
Footnotes
The authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. Konstantinos Charitakis, MD, served as Guest Associate Editor for this paper.
Informed consent was obtained for this case.
Appendix
For supplemental videos, please see the online version of this paper.
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