Mitochondrial serine protease Omi/HtrA2 accentuates brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats and oxidative stress injury in vitro by modulating mitochondrial stress proteins CHOP and ClpP and physically interacting with mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1

ABSTRACT

Serine protease Omi/HtrA2, a member of the HtrA family, is closely related to the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and participates in apoptosis but its role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and cellular oxidative stress response remains unclear. In this study, we found that I/R injury resulted in a time-dependent increase in Omi/HtrA2 expression in rat brain tissue. Inhibition of Omi/HtrA2 significantly inhibited XIAP cleavage in H₂O₂-induced PC12 cells. In addition, inhibition of Omi/HtrA2 significantly inhibited the up-regulation of mitochondrial stress proteins CHOP and ClpP, significantly reduced mitochondrial aggregation, and attenuated the decline of mitochondrial ΔΨm in PC12 cells. Studies show that there is a physical interaction between Omi/HtrA2 and OPA1. We found that Omi/HtrA2 and OPA1 are closely related to the oxidative stress mitochondrial response in PC12 cells. The current study has demonstrated that Omi/HtrA2 is upregulated in brain I/R injury in vivo and is implicated in mitochondrial response to oxidative stress in vitro by regulating mitochondrial stress proteins CHOP and CLpP and by interacting with mitochondrial cristae remodeling protein OPA1. These findings suggest that Omi/HtrA2 could be a candidate molecular target in diseases that involve oxidative stress such as in I/R injury.

Abbreviation: ATP: Adenosine tripHospHate; Bax: BCL2-Associated X; Bcl-2: B-cell lympHoma-2; BSA: Albumin from bovine serum; DMEM: Dulbecco’s Minimum Essential Medium; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; HSP60: Heat shock protein60, 70; L-OPA1: Long forms of OPA1; Omi/HtrA2: high-temperature-regulated A2; MCAO: Middle cerebral artery occlusion; OPA1: Optic AtropHy; PBS: PHospHate buffered saline; PMSF: pHenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate; S-OPA1: Short forms of OPA1; TTC: TripHenyltetrazalium chloride; XIAP: X-linked inhibitor apoptosis protein

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Introduction

Brain ischemia is a common clinical condition and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury may ensue following the restoration of blood supply to the brain tissues [1]. The mechanisms of brain I/R injury have not been fully elucidated and may partially involve neurocytotoxicities of excitatory amino acids, excessive production of free radicals, inflammation and overload of intracellular calcium. Brain I/R injury causes apoptosis and/or necrosis of neurons, depending on the duration and severity of ischemia. Longer duration of ischemia or severe ischemia causes necrosis of neurons while brief ischemia or mild ischemia induces apoptosis of neurons; furthermore, delayed neuron death following brain I/R injury mainly involves apoptosis of neurons [2].

Oxidative stress occurs when the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) exceeds the capability of endogenous antioxidant systems [3,4]. Chemical stimuli like H₂O₂ causes oxidative stress and may activate the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway [5,6]. The mitochondria, which are the key determinants of cellular fate and capable of inducing cell death and are involved in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, necrosis or necropolis [7,8] following brain I/R injury.

Omi/HtrA2, a member of the HtrA family, is intimately associated with maintaining mitochondria integrity. It is also involved in cellular death and, upon its release into the cytosol, participates in the caspase-dependent and independent apoptotic pathways [9–11]. Omi/HtrA2 induces apoptosis by directly binding to the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and inhibiting IAP protease activity [12]. It degrades inhibitors of caspase-9, 3 and 7, allowing the release of active caspases [12]. When Omi/HtrA2 protease activities are blocked or inhibited, which prevents degradation of XIAP, apoptosis of ischemic myocardial cells becomes lessened due to inhibition of caspase activities by XIAP²². Omi/HtrA2 also participates in caspase-independent apoptosis [13,14].

Omi/HtrA2 protease is involved in maintaining the morphology and function of mitochondria in neurons [15] and loss of Omi/HtrA2 protease activity was found to cause neuromuscular disorder in mnd2 mutant mice³⁷. Omi/HtrA2 translocates from the mitochondria to the cytosol and participates in neuronal death in brain ischemia in rats [16]. Inhibition of Omi/HtrA2 by ucf-101 was found to reduce brain infarct volume in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and attenuate ischemia-induced increase in the amount of the cleavage products of active caspase-8 and caspase-3 [17]. Bax can destroy the integrity of mitochondrial membrane, release cytochrome C into the cytoplasm, and activate caspases 9, 3 and 7 through apoptotic protein activator to induce apoptosis.

Accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the matrix of mitochondria induces mitochondrial-unfolded protein reaction (UPR^mt) [18–20] and leads to upregulation of heat shock proteins HSP60 and HSP10 and mitochondria protease ClpP [21]. OPA1 (optic atrophy 1) is a GTPase that regulates the dynamics of mitochondria and OPA1-dependent cristae remodeling stabilizes mitochondrial cristae, thus increasing mitochondrial respiratory efficiency, and blunts mitochondrial dysfunction, and attenuates ROS production [22,23]. OPA1 prevents proton leakage in energy metabolism and maintains the integrity of mitochondria membrane potential [24,25]. It also plays a crucial role in controlling cytochrome c release and mitochondrial fusion/fission during brain I/R [26]. Fusion of mitochondria involves both the long and short form of OPA1 (L- and S-OPA1). OPA1 plays a very important role in apoptosis in preventing cytochrome c release [27,28].

In the current study, we sought to determine the expression of Omi/HtrA2 in rat brain tissues following I/R injury using a rat MCAO model and further examined the role of Omi/HtrA2 in oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂ using PC12 cells.

Materials and methods

Cells and treatments

Rat adrenal medulla pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 (The Cell Bank of the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai, China) was grown in high glucose DMEM (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) containing fetal bovine serum (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and equine serum (Hyclone, South Logan, UT, USA) with appropriate antibiotics. Cells were treated with 250 µM H₂O₂ to induce apoptosis of PC12 cells in the presence or absence of 25 µM specific Omi/HtrA2 inhibitor ucf-101, or H₂O₂ plus ucf-101 as detailed elsewhere in the text.

Animals

The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jilin University and performed according to the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Forty healthy male Wistar rats, weighing between 250 and 300 g each, were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center of Jilin University, Changchun, China. The rats were allowed two weeks to accommodate and had ad libitum access to laboratory chow.

MCAO

The rat MCAO model was established as previously described with minor modifications [29,30]. The rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 1% pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg). The middle cerebral artery was occluded for 1, 1.5 and 3 h, respectively, before the blood flow was restored, which was confirmed by laser Doppler. The sham-operated rats underwent the same surgical procedure except that the middle cerebral artery was not occluded. After the rats regained consciousness, they were evaluated using the Longa scale (Table 1) [30].

Table 1.

Longa scale.

Level	Score	Content
I	0	Walking normally or without neurological deficits
II	1	The contralateral forepaw cannot be fully extended, or there is a slight neurological deficit
III	2	Turn contralateral or moderately neurologically defective
IV	3	Dumping to the opposite side, or severe neurological impairment
V	4	Inability to move spontaneously accompanied by low level of consciousness

Longa scoring method neurological examination

To avoid confounding effects, we chose mice with Level 2 to Level 4 for the study (Table 2). In this state, the neurological score of mice was stable and the degree of interference was small.

Table 2.

Longa scores of the study rats.

Group	Longa scores
Sham-operation	0.00 ± 0.00
Ischemia-1h	1.20 ± 0.422*
Ischemia-1.5h	2.00 ± 0.667**
Ischemia-3h	2.50 ± 0.527**

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. Sham-operation.

Evaluation of infarct area

The infarct volume was determined using 2% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. After 24 h of reperfusion, each rat was euthanized; the brain was removed, cut into 0.2-cm-thick sections, and stained at 37°C for 30 min with 2% TTC solution. A second section in the caudal side of each brain was also chosen to quantify the infarct area using NIH Imagine 1.6. The size of the infarct area was calculated by the percentage of the infarct area relative to the whole brain section area. Evaluation was undertaken by a technician who was blinded to group assignment of the study animals.

Histological study

Rats with a Longa scale score of 3 were euthanized after anesthesia by intraperitoneal injection of 1% pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg) followed by transcardial perfusion with normal saline and fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde. The tissues were routinely dehydrated and transparentized. After paraffin-embedding, the tissues were cut into 4-μm-thick sections, followed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The sections were then observed under a light microscope and photographed.

MTT assays and Trypan blue staining

Logarithmically growing PC12 cells were plated into 96-well plates (5 × 10³ cells/well) in quadruplicate for each group. Ten microliter MTT (at a final concentration of 5 mg/mL) was added into each well and after the cells were incubated for 4 h, the supernatant was discarded. DMSO (150 μL) was added to each well to dissolve the precipitate. After shaking for 2 min, absorbance was read at 490 nm using a microplate reader (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA).

PC12 cells were rendered into single-cell suspensions after tryptic digestion (10⁶ cells/mL) and then routinely stained with 0.4% trypan blue. Live and dead cells were counted within 3 min and cell viabilities were calculated under an inverted microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).

Western blotting assays

Cells were lysed using the RIPA lysis buffer containing 1% phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and β-mercaptoethanol. Protein concentration in the lysate was determined using the Bradford method. The proteins were resolved by PAGE electrophoresis. Immunoblotting assays were performed using a standard protocol. Primary antibodies against the following proteins were used: cleaved caspase 3 (0.5 μg/mL, MAB835, Bio-techne, Minneapolis, MN, USA), Bax (1:1000,sc-7480, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), Bcl-2 (1:1000, sc-7382, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), Omi/HtrA2 (1:500, sc-58371, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), XIAP (1:200, sc-55550, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), CLpP (1:500, 15698-1-AP, ProteinTech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA), CHOP (1:500, 15204-1-AP, ProteinTech), OPA1 (1:500, sc-393296, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and actin (1:1000, sc-58673, Santa Cruz Biotechnology). After incubation with secondary goat anti-rabbit (H + L) immunoglobulin (Ig) G (SA00001-2) and goat anti-mouse (H + L) IgG (SA00001-1) (ProteinTech), the protein bands were visualized by ECL (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). Densitometry was performed using the Kodak ID3.6 software.

Measurement of mitochondrial ΔΨ_m using the JC-1 dye

Changes in ΔΨ_m were measured using a standard protocol [13]. Briefly, logarithmically growing PC12 cells were plated in a 6-well plate at a density of 3.5 × 10⁴ per well, incubated until the cells became 80%-85% confluent. The cells were then either left untreated (negative control) or treated with H₂O₂, or H₂O₂ plus ucf-101. Next, the cells were exposed to the fluorescent cationic dye JC-1 (5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbo-cyanine iodide) for 25 min before observation at green and red emission wavelengths using a fluorescence microscope (IX-71; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).

After the addition of JC-1 and incubation in the dark, the cells were centrifuged again at 600 g for 5 min at 4°C. The pellet was suspended in 1 x buffer and washed and then suspended in appropriate media after centrifugation. The samples were analyzed using a BD Accuri C6 flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).

Mitotracker staining

Logarithmically growing PC12 cells were plated in a 24-well plate at a density of 3.5 × 10⁴ per well and incubated until the cells became 80%-85% confluent. After appropriate drug treatment, the cells were stained with 50 nM Mitotracker for 20 min at room temperature (20°C). Green, blue and red fluorescence was observed under a confocal microscope at excitation wavelengths of 500, 340 and 579 nm, respectively, following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Co-immunoprecipitations

Cells were lyzed in 200 μL NP40 lysis buffer containing 1% PMSF. The lysates were clarified by centrifugation and protein concentrations were determined using the BCA method (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China). Each sample was incubated with anti-HtrA2/Omi antibody (2 μg per 500 μg of total protein) (sc-58371, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 1 h at 4°C. Protein G Agarose Fast Flow (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) (20 μL) was added to each sample before overnight incubation at 4°C. The beads were collected by centrifugation and washed three times with PBS. The immune complexes were released from the beads by boiling with 5X SDS-PAGE loading buffer and analyzed by immunoblotting. The following antibodies were used in immunoblotting analyses: anti-OPA1 (1:500, sc-393296, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) antibody and goat anti-mouse (H + L) IgG conjugated secondary antibody (1:1000, SA00001-1, ProteinTech).

Statistical analysis

Data were expressed as mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments and analyzed with SPSS19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Comparison between groups was done using one-way ANOVA with the two-sided Student’s t test. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Ischemia/reperfusion injury causes infarction and apoptosis of rat brain tissues

To examine whether brain I/R injury caused apoptosis of brain tissues, we established an MCAO model of brain I/R injury. The rats underwent sham operation or MCAO for 1, 1.5 and 3 h, respectively, followed by reperfusion for 24 h. TTC staining showed that the volume of the brain infarct area significantly increased over time following MCAO (P < 0.01 vs. the sham control group) (Figure 1(a,b)). H&E staining of brain sections revealed progressive changes typical of brain ischemia over time (Figure 1(c)). Consistently, immunoblotting assays demonstrated significant time-dependent increase in the levels of cleaved caspase 3 and Bac/Bcl-2 (P < 0.01 vs. the sham control group) (Figure 1(d)). TUNEL assays further showed significant time-dependent increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the brain infarct area (Figure 1(e)).

Figure 1.

Ischemia/reperfusion injury causes infarction and apoptosis of rat brain tissues. The rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was established as detailed in Methods. The MCA was occluded for 1, 1.5 and 3 h, respectively, followed by reperfusion for 24 h. (a) The photographs of the brain samples of rats undergoing sham operation or MCAO. (b) The infarct ratio of 2% TTC stain in each group. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3. **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 vs. the sham group. (c) H&E staining of the infarct marginal zone in the cerebral cortex. Bar = 20 μm. (d) Immunoblotting assays of cleaved caspase 3 and Bac/Bcl-2 in rat brain tissues undergoing ischemia/reperfusion injury. A representative immunoblot is shown (left) and Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 vs. the sham group. (e) TUNEL staining of the infarct marginal zone in the brain cortex. Bar = 10 μm.

Ischemia/reperfusion injury upregulates Omi/HtrA2 in brain tissues

Bax promotes the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm and activates caspases 9, 3 and 7 by activating apoptotic protein activator. Omi/HtrA2 is involved in caspase-dependent apoptosis and the proapoptotic mitochondrial serine protease translocates from the mitochondria to the cytosol after an apoptotic insult. We further examined the expression of Omi/HtrA2 in rat brain tissues undergoing I/R injury. Our immunoblotting assays demonstrated that I/R injury caused a significant time-dependent increase in the expression of Omi/HtrA2 in brain tissues (P < 0.01 vs. the sham control group) (Figure 2(a,b)). Furthermore, the expression of the apoptosis inhibitor XIAP was markedly higher at 3 h post I/R injury when compared to the control group (P < 0.01 vs. the sham control group) (Figure 2(a,c)).

Figure 2.

Ischemia/reperfusion injury upregulates Omi/HtrA2 in brain tissues. (a) Western blot analysis of Omi/HtrA2 and XIAP in brain tissues. A representative immunoblot is shown. The results of densitometric analysis are expressed as mean ± SD of three independent experiments and shown in bar graphs in (b) for Omi/HtrA2 and (c) for XIAP. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3. ***P < 0.001 vs. the sham group.

Omi/HtrA2 specific inhibitor ucf-101 attenuates H₂O₂-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells

H₂O₂ is known to induce cytotoxicities of PC12 cells [31]. Our MTT assays showed that the IC₅₀ of H₂O₂ was 250 μM (Figure S1) and Western blotting assays showed that H₂O₂ caused a significant dose-dependent increase in the rate of apoptotic PC12 cells (P < 0.01 vs. the control group). We treated PC12 cells with H₂O₂ (250 μM), ucf-101 (25 μM) and H₂O₂ plus ucf-101 for 6 h. Trypan blue staining showed that ucf-101 markedly abated the reduction in viabilities of PC12 cells by H₂O₂ (P < 0.01 vs. the H₂O₂ group) (Figure 3(a)). Western blot analysis further showed that ucf-101 significantly reduced H₂O₂-induced cleavage of caspase 3 and increase of Bax/Bcl-2 (P < 0.001 compared with the H₂O₂ group) (Figure 3(b,c)). Hoechst staining revealed that H₂O₂ noticeably increased the number of apoptotic cells, which was markedly attenuated by treatment with ucf-101 (D). We further examined the effect of Omi/HtrA2 specific inhibitor ucf-101 on Omi/HtrA2 expression in PC12 cells under oxidative stress by H₂O₂. Western blotting assays showed that ucf-101 markedly attenuated H₂O₂-induced upregulation of Omi/HtrA2 in PC12 cells (P < 0.01) (Figure 3(e,f)). In addition, ucf-101 apparently abated H₂O₂-induced cleavage of XIAP in PC12 cells (Figure 3(e)).

Figure 3.

Omi/HtrA2 specific inhibitor ucf-101 attenuates H₂O₂ -induced apoptosis of PC12 cells. (a) Cell viability was determined by Trypan blue staining. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). ^#P > 0.05 vs. the control group; ***P < 0.001 vs. the control group; **P < 0.01 vs. the H₂O₂ group. (b) Immunoblotting assays of cleaved caspase 3andBac/Bcl-2 in PC2 cells treated with H₂O₂ (250 μM), ucf-101 (25 μM) and H₂O₂ plus ucf-101 for 6 h. A representative immunoblot is shown. (c) Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3. ^#P > 0.05 vs. the control group; ***P < 0.001 vs. the control group or the H₂O₂ group. (d) Hoechst staining of H₂O₂ treated cells. (e) Immunoblotting assays of Omi/HtrA2 and cleaved XIAP in PC2 cells treated with H₂O₂ (250 μM), ucf-101 (25 μM) and H₂O₂ plus ucf-101 for 6 h. A representative immunoblot is shown. (f) Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3. ^#P > 0.05 vs. the control group; ***P < 0.001 vs. the control group; **P < 0.01 vs. the H₂O₂ group.

Omi/HtrA2 inhibition alleviates H₂O₂-induced mitochondrial stress in PC12 cells

We further investigated the effect of Omi/HtrA2 by ucf-101 on stress response proteins in the mitochondria of PC12 cells under oxidative stress by H₂O₂. Examination of ROS production showed that H₂O₂ noticeably increased ROS production which was attenuated by treatment with ucf-101 (Figure 4(a)). Western blotting assays revealed that, compared to the control group, H₂O₂ caused a significant increase in the levels of CHOP and ClpP in PC12 cells, indicating that H₂O₂ caused significant mitochondrial stress (P < 0.001 vs. the control group) (Figure 4(b–d)). However, ucf-101 significantly attenuated H₂O₂-induced upregulation of CHOP and ClpP in PC12 cells (P < 0.01 or 0.001). We also tracked changes of mitochondria in PC12 cells using Mito-tracker Red. Our confocal microscopy revealed that, compared to the control group, H₂O₂ noticeably increased the clustering of mitochondria in PC12 cells (Figure 4(e)), indicating disruption of the mitochondria by H₂O₂. Omi/HtrA2 specific inhibitor ucf-101 apparently reduced mitochondria clustering.

Figure 4.

Omi/HtrA2 inhibition alleviates H₂O₂-induced clustering of mitochondria in PC12 cells. The cells were treated with H₂O₂ (250 μM), ucf-101 (25 μM) and H₂O₂ plus ucf-101 for 6 h and then stained with Mito-tracker Red. (a) ROS production of cells treated with H₂O₂ (250 μM), ucf-101 (25 μM) and H₂O₂ plus ucf-101 for 6 h. (b) S0033 Immunoblotting assays of CHOP and ClpP in PC2 cells treated with H₂O₂ (250 μM), ucf-101 (25 μM) and H₂O₂ plus ucf-101 for 6 h. A representative immunoblot is shown. (c, d). The results of densitometric analysis are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 3. ^#P > 0.05 vs. the control group; ***P < 0.001 vs. the control group; **P < 0.01 vs. the H₂O₂ group. (e) Mitochondrial morphology is observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy (10.0 μm).

Omi/HtrA2 inhibition partially attenuates H₂O₂-induced decline in ΔΨ_m in PC12 cells

We then sought to investigate the effect of Omi/HtrA2 on changes in mitochondrial ΔΨ_m using the JC-1 dye in PC12 cells treated with H₂O₂. We found that H₂O₂ treatment caused a noticeable reduction in mitochondrial ΔΨ_m as reflected by the apparent increase in blue fluorescence intensity (Figure 5(a)). By contrast, Omi/HtrA2 inhibition by ucf-101 abated H₂O₂-induced reduction in mitochondrial ΔΨ_m in PC12 cells.

Figure 5.

Omi/HtrA2 inhibition partially attenuates H₂O₂-induced decline in ΔΨ_m in PC12 cells. PC12 cells were treated with H₂O₂ (250 μM), ucf-101 (25 μM) and H₂O₂ plus ucf-101 for 6 h and then stained with JC-1 dye. (a) Changes in mitochondrial ΔΨ_m in PC12 cells were observed using by laser scanning confocal microscopy. 100.0 μm. (b) Changes in mitochondrial ΔΨ_m were further evaluated by flow cytometry. The light of FL1-A is green while the FL2-A is red.

Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis showed that H₂O₂ caused a significant decline in mitochondrial ΔΨ_m (9.6% vs. control 90.9%, P < 0.001 (Figure 5(b)). Co-treatment with ucf-101 partially alleviated the decline in mitochondrial ΔΨ_m (14.9% vs. H₂O₂ 9.6%., P < 0.001).

Omi/HtrA2 inhibition partially disrupts H₂O₂-induced physical interaction between Omi/HtrA2 and OPA1

OPA1 controls the cristae remodeling arm of mitochondrial apoptosis [32]. Kieper et al. found that Omi/HtrA2 interacted with OPA1 in mitochondrial function and morphology [33]. Our Western blotting assays showed that compared to the control group, in H₂O₂ treated cells, there was a marked reduction in L-OPA1 expression (P < 0.001) while there was a significant increase in S-OPA1 expression (P < 0.01) (Figure 6(a,b)). Noticeably, Omi/HtrA2 inhibition by ucf-101 significantly attenuated H₂O₂-induced increase in the expression of S-OPA1 (P < 0.01). Kieper et al. found that Omi/HtrA2 interacted with OPA1 in mitochondrial function and morphology [33]. Our co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that H₂O₂ significantly increased the physical interaction between Omi/HtrA2 and OPA1, which, however, was partially disrupted by treatment with ucf-101 (Figure 6(c)).

Figure 6.

Omi/HtrA2 inhibition partially disrupts Omi/HtrA2 and OPA1 interaction in PC2 cells treated with H₂O₂. (a) Immunoblotting assays of the long (L-OPA1) and short OPA1 (S-OPA1) in PC2 cells treated with H₂O₂ (250 μM), ucf-101 (25 μM) and H₂O₂ plus ucf-101 for 6 h. A representative immunoblot is shown. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). ^#P > 0.05 vs. the control group; ***P < 0.001 vs. the control group; **P < 0.01 vs. the H₂O₂ group. (b) Co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous Omi/HtrA2 and OPA1 in lysates of PC2 cells treated with H₂O₂ (250 μM), ucf-101 (25 μM) and H₂O₂ plus ucf-101 for 6 h. Lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis directly (inputs) or after incubation overnight with either protein G agarose alone (−) or with anti-OPA1 bound to protein G agarose (+). Immunoblots were probed with anti-OPA1 and anti-Omi/HtrA2 as indicated.

Discussion

In the current study, we demonstrated that Omi/HtrA2 expression was significantly elevated in brain tissues of rats with I/R injury. We further showed that Omi/HtrA2 promoted cellular apoptosis in cells undergoing oxidative stress in vitro by interacting with OPA1 and participating in mitochondrial stress. Our findings revealed a critical role of Omi/HtrA2 in controlling cellular response to mitochondria stress in neurons undergoing I/R injury and in cells subject to oxidative stress.

Energy metabolic disturbance and increase production of ROS are important mechanisms of injury in ischemic stroke. H₂O₂ may cause an increase in intracellular ROS, thereby inducing oxidative stress injury. Mitochondrial membrane potential is disrupted, resulting in increased membrane permeability and leading to release of proapoptotic factors from the mitochondria into the cytosol and causing neuron injury via caspase-dependent and independent pathways. Omi/HtrA2 plays a dual role in the mitochondria by participating in apoptosis and maintaining mitochondria morphology and function. Normally Omi/HtrA2 in the mitochondria cristae promotes mitochondrion viability by maintaining mitochondrial morphology. The permeability of the outer membrane of the mitochondria decreases in response to outside stimuli, and Omi/HtrA2 is released into the cytosol and promotes apoptosis via the caspase-dependent and independent pathways. Omi/HtrA2 as a serine protease interacts with numerous proteins including anti-apoptotic protein XIAP [34,35]. The current study found that XIAP levels also increased along with upregulation of Omi/HtrA2 post I/R injury. XIAP is a substrate of Omi/HtrA2 and undergo cleavage by Omi/HtrA2 and loses its apoptosis inhibitory activities, thus serving as an indicator of Omi/HtrA2 activation. Our finding suggests that Omi/HtrA2 is upregulated and undergoes activation in response to I/R injury.

Recent studies have shown that mitochondria stress response occurs far in advance of autophagy and apoptosis [36,37]. CHOP is a marker of mitochondrial stress while ClpP generates a protein fragment that serves as a danger signal during mitochondrial stress [38]. Our Mito-tracker Red assays showed apparent clustering of mitochondria in PC12 cells in response to oxidative stress by H₂O₂. Our immunoblotting assays also revealed significant upregulation of CHOP and ClpP in PC12 cells, indicating the presence of marked mitochondrial stress. This was further proven by apparent reduction in mitochondrial ΔΨ_m in PC12 cells in response to oxidative stress by H₂O₂. This, however, was markedly attenuated by Omi/HtrA2 inhibition by ucf-101, suggesting that Omi/HtrA2 also participated in early mitochondrial stress response.

OPA1 is a mitochondrial inner membrane fusion protein and implicated in mitochondrial cristae remodeling. It is also intimately involved in apoptosis. Our immunoblotting assays revealed that Omi/HtrA2 was upregulated in response to oxidative stress by H₂O₂. Meanwhile, OPA1 underwent cleavage from L-OPA1to S-OPA1, which was attenuated by inhibition of Omi/HtrA2 by ucf-101. The co-immunoprecipitations further demonstrated increased physical interaction between Omi/HtrA2 and OPA1. These findings suggested that Omi/HtrA2 and OPA1 were intimately involved in mitochondrial response to oxidative stress in PC12 cells. The mechanisms whereby Omi/HtrA2 and OPA1 interact with each other in regulating mitochondrial stress response and apoptotic response remain to be further elucidated.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the current study has demonstrated that Omi/HtrA2 is upregulated in brain I/R injury in vivo and implicated in mitochondrial response to oxidative stress in vitro by regulating mitochondrial stress proteins CHOP and ClpP and by interacting with mitochondrial cristae remodeling protein OPA1. These findings suggest that Omi/HtrA2 could be a candidate molecular target in diseases that involve oxidative stress.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by the program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 81772794, 81472419]; Jilin Provincial Industrial Innovation Project [grant number 2018C052-7]; Jilin Provincial Research Foundation for the Development of Science and Technology Projects [grant number 20191004004TC, 20190201152JC, 20180623024TC, 20170623021TC]; Foundation of Jilin Provincial Department of Finance [grant number JLSCZD2019-015]; Hospital Youth Foundation of the 1st Hospital of Jilin University [grant number JDYY102019018]; Industrial technology research and development project of Jilin development and Reform Commission [grant number 2020C034-4].

Highlights

• Omi/HtrA2 is involved in ischemia and reperfusion-induced brain injury.

• Omi/HtrA2 reduces mitochondrial membrane potential and regulates CHOP and CLPP.

• Omi/HtrA2 enhances ROS and aggravates oxidative stress damage.

• Omi/HtrA2 interacts with OPA1 and maintains mitochondrial homeostasis.

Disclosure statement

All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Data availability statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical approval was given by the Ethics Committee of Jilin University, Changchun, China.

Author’s contributions

HY, YJ and JK contributed to the study design; all authors collected the data and performed the data analysis; HY, YJ, JK, YM and JS prepared the manuscript; HY, YJ, LW and HM revised the manuscript critically.

Supplemental material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed here.