Table 3.
Construct Validity (n = 33 articles; 41 protocols evaluated)
| Walk Test | ICF Classification | Construct | Measure | Results Pearson r (P-value, n) Spearman ρ (P-value, n) |
| Acute (< 1mo) | ||||
| 10 mCWT | Body Function | Balance | Trunk impairment scale (coordination) | ρ= 0.62 (P < 0.05, n = 15) (Isho &Usuda, 2016) |
| Trunk impairment scale (total) | ρ= 0.43 (NS, n = 15) (Isho &Usuda, 2016) | |||
| Trunk impairment scale (dynamic sitting balance) | ρ= 0.10 (NS, n = 15) (Isho &Usuda, 2016) | |||
| Strength: hand-grip1 | Dynamometer | r = 0.49 (P = 0.0002, n = 59) (Di Cesare et al., 2016) | ||
| Strength: hand-grip2 | Dynamometer | r = 0.24 (NS, n = 64) (Di Cesare et al., 2016) | ||
| Strength: knee extensor1 | Dynamometer | ρ= 0.26 (NS, n = 15) (Isho &Usuda, 2016) | ||
| Strength: knee extensor2 | Dynamometer | ρ= 0.16 (NS, n = 15) (Isho &Usuda, 2016) | ||
| Activity | Balance | Short-form Berg balance scale | ρ= 0.34 (NS, n = 15) (Isho &Usuda, 2016) | |
| Mobility | Modified Rankin scale (30 days) | r = –0.51 (P < 0.0001, n = 77) (Di Cesare et al., 2016) | ||
| Modified Rankin scale (90 days) | r = –0.50 (P < 0.0001, n = 75) (Di Cesare et al., 2016) | |||
| Modified Rankin scale (7 days) | r = –0.31 (P = 0.0134, n = 64) (Di Cesare et al., 2016) | |||
| Acute (<1 mo) and subacute (1–6 mo) | ||||
| 5 mCWT | Body Function | Motor function and basic | STREAM (initial assessment) | r = 0.74 (P < 0.0001, n = 63) (Ahmed et al., 2003) |
| &Activity | mobility | STREAM (3 months) | r = 0.73 (P < 0.0001, n = 63) (Ahmed et al., 2003) | |
| STREAM (5 weeks) | r = 0.62 (P < 0.0001, n = 63) (Ahmed et al., 2003) | |||
| Body Function | Motor function: | STREAM (3 months) | r = 0.64 (P < 0.001, n = 63) (Ahmed et al., 2003) | |
| upper extremity | STREAM (initial assessment) | r = 0.56 (P < 0.0001, n = 63) (Ahmed et al., 2003) | ||
| STREAM (5 weeks) | r = 0.53 (P < 0.0001, n = 63) (Ahmed et al., 2003) | |||
| Body Function | Motor function: lower extremity | STREAM (initial assessment) | r = 0.74 (P < 0.0001, n = 63) (Ahmed et al., 2003) | |
| STREAM (3 months) | r = 0.65 (P < 0.0001, n = 63) (Ahmed et al., 2003) | |||
| STREAM (5 weeks) | r = 0.55 (P < 0.0001, n = 63) (Ahmed et al., 2003) | |||
| Activity | Basic mobility | STREAM (initial assessment) | r = 0.83 (P < 0.0001, n = 63) (Ahmed et al., 2003) | |
| STREAM (3 months) | r = 0.76 (P < 0.0001, n = 63) (Ahmed et al., 2003) | |||
| STREAM (5 weeks) | r = 0.65 (P < 0.0001, n = 63) (Ahmed et al., 2003) | |||
| 6 mCWT | Body function | Strength: knee extensor | Dynamometer | ρ= 0.55 (P < 0.01, n = 45) (Lam et al., 2010) |
| Activity | Comfortable walk speed | 10 mWT | ρ= 0.99 (P < 0.01, n = 45) (Lam et al., 2010) | |
| 10 mCWT | Activity | Walk speed | 6 MWT speed | r = 0.385 (P = 0.022, n = 64) (Morone et al., 2014) |
| 10 mFWT | Body Function | Motor function: lower extremity | Fugl-Meyer assessment scale for the lower extremity (FMA-LE) | r = 0.62 (P < 0.001, n = 75) (Mitsutake et al., 2017) |
| Subacute (1–6 mo) | ||||
| 5 mCWT | Activity | Physical activity | ActivPAL3 Micro- # steps at medium rate (80–99 steps/min) | ρ= 0.79 (P < 0.01, n = 30) (Ezeugwu &Manns, 2017) |
| ActivPAL3 Micro- # steps at brisk rate (100–119 steps/min) | ρ= 0.74 (P < 0.01, n = 30) (Ezeugwu &Manns, 2017) | |||
| ActivPAL3 Micro- mean steps/d | ρ= 0.61 (P < 0.01, n = 30) (Ezeugwu &Manns, 2017) | |||
| ActivPAL3 Micro- stepping time (min) | ρ= 0.49 (P < 0.01, n = 30) (Ezeugwu &Manns, 2017) | |||
| ActivPAL3 Micro- # steps at fastest rate (> 120 steps/min) | ρ= 0.47 (P < 0.01, n = 30) (Ezeugwu &Manns, 2017) | |||
| ActivPAL3 Micro- # sit-to-stand transitions | ρ= 0.34 (NS, n = 30) (Ezeugwu &Manns, 2017) | |||
| ActivPAL3 Micro- standing time (min) | ρ= 0.32 (NS, n = 30) (Ezeugwu &Manns, 2017) | |||
| ActivPAL3 Micro- sedentary time (min) | ρ= –0.28 (NS, n = 30) (Ezeugwu &Manns, 2017) | |||
| ActivPAL3 Micro- # steps at slow rate (60–79 steps/min) | ρ= 0.25 (NS, n = 30) (Ezeugwu &Manns, 2017) | |||
| ActivPAL3 Micro- # steps at purposeful rate (40–59 steps/min) | ρ= 0.14 (NS, n = 30) (Ezeugwu &Manns, 2017) | |||
| ActivPAL3 Micro- # steps at sporadic rate (20–39 steps/min) | ρ= –0.02 (NS, n = 30) (Ezeugwu &Manns, 2017) | |||
| Walk distance | 6 MWT | r = 0.89 (P < 0.000, n = 37) (Fulk et al., 2008) | ||
| Subacute (1–6 mo) and chronic (≥6 mo) | ||||
| 5 mCWT | Body function | Balance self-efficacy | Activities-specific balance confidence scale | ρ= 0.46 (95% CI 0.28–0.61, n = 89) (Salbach et al., 2006) |
| 5 mFWT | Body function | Balance self-efficacy | Activities-specific balance confidence scale | ρ= 0.49 (95% CI 0.31–0.63, n = 89) (Salbach et al., 2006) |
| 10 mCWT | Body function | Strength: knee extensor | Dynamometer | r = 0.18 (NS, n = 48, absolute values) (Severinsen et al., 2011) |
| r = 0.31 (P < 0.05, n = 48, normalized values) (Severinsen et al., 2011) | ||||
| Chronic (≥6 mo) | ||||
| 5 mCWT | Activity | Physical activity | ActivPAL–mean standing time (mins/d) over 5 days | ρ= 0.50 (P = 0.043 n = 17) (Salbach et al., 2013) |
| Participation | Participation | Stroke impact scale - participation (%) | ρ= 0.48 (P = 0.049, n = 17) (Salbach et al., 2013) | |
| 10 mCWT | Body function | Aerobic capacity | VO2peak (cycle ergometer) | r = 0.33 (P < 0.05, n = 48, absolute values) (Severinsen et al., 2011) |
| r = 0.53 (P < 0.05, n = 48, normalized values) (Severinsen et al., 2011) | ||||
| VO2peak (treadmill) | ρ= NR (NS, n = 8) (Ovando et al., 2011) | |||
| Strength | Stroke impact scale-strength | r = 0.64 (P < 0.001, n = 92) (Khanittanuphong &Tipchatyotin, 2017) | ||
| Strength: lower limb | Motricity Index | NR = 0.62 (P < 0.01, n = 46) (Lee et al., 2015) | ||
| Strength: knee flexor | Dynamometer | r = 0.80 (P < 0.05, n = 12) (Nasciutti-Prudente et al., 2009) | ||
| Dynamometer | r = 0.61 (P < 0.01, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2006) | |||
| Strength: knee extensor | Dynamometer | r = 0.61 (P < 0.01, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2006) | ||
| Dynamometer | r = 0.34 (NS, n = 12) (Nasciutti-Prudente et al., 2009) | |||
| Strength: quadriceps | Dynamometer | r = 0.35 (P < 0.01, n = 63, normalized) (Liu-Ambrose et al., 2007) | ||
| Strength: hip flexor | Dynamometer | r = 0.75 (P < 0.05, n = 12) (Nasciutti-Prudente et al., 2009) | ||
| Strength: hip extensor | Dynamometer | r = 0.53 (NS, n = 12) (Nasciutti-Prudente et al., 2009) | ||
| Strength: ankle dorsiflexor | Dynamometer | r = 0.50 (NS, n = 12) (Nasciutti-Prudente et al., 2009) | ||
| Strength: ankle plantar-flexor | Dynamometer | r = 0.58 (P < 0.05, n = 12) (Nasciutti-Prudente et al., 2009) | ||
| Activity | Balance | 360-degree turn (turn time) | r = –0.76 (P < 0.01, n = 38) (Kobayashi et al., 2015) | |
| Berg balance scale (items 1–12 + item 13 (nonparetic leg in front)+item 14 (SLS on paretic leg)) | p = 0.72 (P = 0.001, n = 63) (Kwong et al., 2016) | |||
| Berg balance scale (items 1–12 + item 13 (paretic leg in front)+item 14 (SLS on paretic leg) | p = 0.70 (P = 0.001, n = 63) (Kwong et al., 2016) | |||
| Berg balance scale | NR = 0.69 (P < 0.01, n = 46) (Lee et al., 2015) | |||
| Stroke impact scale- mobility | r = 0.64 (P < 0.001, n = 92) (Khanittanuphong &Tipchatyotin, 2017) | |||
| 360-degree turn (steps in turn) | r = –0.59 (P < 0.01, n = 38) (Kobayashi et al., 2015) | |||
| Hand function | Stroke impact scale- hand function | r = 0.52 (P < 0.001, n = 92) (Khanittanuphong &Tipchatyotin, 2017) | ||
| Capacity for activities of | FIM | r = 0.63 (P < 0.01, n = 50) (Frost et al., 2015) | ||
| daily living | IADL Questionnaire | r = 0.50 (P < 0.01, n = 50) (Frost et al., 2015) | ||
| Physical activity | Activity counts (sum of number of steps walked, stairs, number of transitions) | r = 0.66 (P < 0.001, n = 42) predictive (Alzahrani et al., 2009) | ||
| SAM- mean steps/day | r = 0.65 (P = 0.003, n = 19) predictive (Fulk et al., 2010) | |||
| SAM- Peak Activity Index (steps/min) | r = 0.64 (P < 0.01, n = 49) (Mudge &Stott, 2009) | |||
| Time on feet (sum of minutes walking, stairs, standing, sit to stand) | r = 0.60 (P < 0.001, n = 42) predictive (Alzahrani et al., 2009) | |||
| SAM- means steps/day | ρ= 0.55 (P < 0.01, n = 49) (Mudge &Stott, 2009) | |||
| SAM- # steps at high rate4 | ρ= 0.54 (P < 0.01, n = 49) (Mudge &Stott, 2009) | |||
| SAM- # steps at low rate3 | r = 0.46 (P < 0.01, n = 49) (Mudge &Stott, 2009) | |||
| Physical activity scale for individuals with physical disabilities | r = 0.42 (P < 0.01, n = 50) (Frost et al., 2015) | |||
| Current PA level (PASIPD Score) in MET-h/day | r = 0.26 (P < 0.05, n = 63) (Liu-Ambrose et al., 2007) | |||
| Walk distance | 6 MWT | NR = 0.89 (P < 0.01, n = 46) (Lee et al., 2015) | ||
| Community walking capacity | Total time taken to walk 300m community route | ρ= –0.88 (P < 0.0001, n = 28) (Taylor et al., 2006) | ||
| Participation | Participation | Stroke impact scale- Participation (%) | r = 0.57 (P < 0.01, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2006) | |
| Stroke impact scale- participation | r = 0.56 (P < 0.001, n = 92) (Khanittanuphong &Tipchatyotin, 2017) | |||
| 10 mCWT- | Activity | Mobility | Timed Up and Go (session 2) | r = –0.84 (P < 0.001, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2005) |
| session 1 | Stair function | Stair climbing- ascend (session 2) | r = –0.81 (P < 0.001, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2005) | |
| Stair climbing- descend (session 2) | r = –0.82 (P < 0.001, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2005) | |||
| Fast walk speed | 10 mFWT (session 2) | r = 0.92 (P < 0.001, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2005) | ||
| Walk distance | 6 MWT (session 2) | r = 0.89 (P < 0.001, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2005) | ||
| 10 mFWT | Body function | Strength: knee flexor | Dynamometer | r = 0.65 (P < 0.01, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2006) |
| Strength: knee extensor | Dynamometer | r = 0.67 (P < 0.01, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2006) | ||
| Body function | Aerobic capacity | VO2peak (treadmill) | ρ= NR (NS, n = 8) (Ovando et al., 2011) | |
| Activity | Mobility | Timed Up and Go | r = 0.91 (P < 0.01, n = 27) (Huo et al., 2009) | |
| Participation | Participation | Stroke impact scale- Participation (%) | r = 0.57 (P < 0.01, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2006) | |
| 10 mFWT- | Activity | Mobility | Timed Up and Go (session 2) | r = –0.91 (P < 0.001, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2005) |
| session 1 | Stair function | Stair climbing- ascend (session 2) | r = –0.84 (P < 0.001, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2005) | |
| Stair climbing- descend (session 2) | r = –0.87 (P < 0.001, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2005) | |||
| Comfortable walk speed | 10 mCWT (session 2) | r = 0.88 (P < 0.001, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2005) | ||
| Walk distance | 6 MWT (session 2) | r = 0.95 (P < 0.001, n = 50) (Flansbjer et al., 2005) | ||
| 12 mCWT | Body function | Aerobic capacity | VO2max | r = 0.47 (P < 0.05, n = 35) (Wang et al., 2014) |
| Strength: knee extensor (90-degree torque) | Dynamometer | r = 0.62 (P < 0.05, n = 35) (Wang et al., 2014) | ||
| Strength: knee extensor (60-degree torque) | Dynamometer | r = 0.62 (P < 0.05, n = 35) (Wang et al., 2014) | ||
| Acute (< 1 mo), subacute (1–6 mo), and Chronic (≥6 mo) | ||||
| 7 mCWT | Body function | Strength: knee extensor | Lido Active Rehabilitation System | r = 0.67 (P < 0.01, n = 14) (Bohannon &Walsh, 1992) |
| (peak torque) | Lido Active Rehabilitation System | r = 0.62 (P < 0.01, n = 18) (Bohannon &Puharic, 1992) | ||
| Strength: knee extensor (torque) | Lido Active Rehabilitation System | r = 0.75 (P = 0.000, n = 20) (Bohannon, 1992) | ||
| Strength: knee extensor (peak power) | Lido Active Rehabilitation System | r = 0.75 (P = 0.000, n = 20) (Bohannon, 1992) | ||
| 7 mFWT | Body function | Strength: knee extensor | Lido Active Rehabilitation System | r = 0.76 (P < 0.01, n = 14) (Bohannon &Walsh, 1992) |
| (peak torque) | Lido Active Rehabilitation System | r = 0.64 (P < 0.01, n = 18) (Bohannon &Puharic, 1992) | ||
| Strength: knee extensor (torque) | Lido Active Rehabilitation System | r = 0.74 (P = 0.000, n = 20) (Bohannon, 1992) | ||
| Strength: knee extensor (peak power) | Lido Active Rehabilitation System | r = 0.74 (P = 0.000, n = 20) (Bohannon, 1992) | ||
| 8 mCWT | Body function | Strength: knee extensor (force) | Dynamometer | r = 0.60 (P < 0.01, n = 26); (Bohannon, 1991) |
| r = 0.62 (P < 0.001, n = 26, normalized with body weight) (Bohannon, 1991) | ||||
| Strength: knee extensor (measured torque) | Isokinetic dynamometer | r = 0.65 (P < 0.001, n = 26); (Bohannon, 1991) | ||
| r = 0.68 (P < 0.001, n = 26, normalized with body weight) (Bohannon, 1991) | ||||
| Strength: knee extensor (percent of body weight) | Dynamometer | r = 0.67 (P < 0.01, n = 20) (Bohannon, 1991) | ||
| 10 mCWT | Body function | Strength (baseline and re-test) | Stroke impact scale-strength | r = 0.27 (P = 0.232, n = 21) (Cheng et al., 2020) |
| r = 0.29 (P = 0.232, n = 20) (Cheng et al., 2020) | ||||
| Activity | Walk distance (baseline and re-test) | 6 MWT (15 m walkway) | r = 0.80 (P = 0.000, n = 21) (Cheng et al., 2020) | |
| r = 0.94 (P = 0.000, n = 20) (Cheng et al., 2020) | ||||
| 6 MWT (30 m walkway) | r = 0.80 (P = 0.000, n = 21) (Cheng et al., 2020) | |||
| r = 0.91 (P = 0.000, n = 20) (Cheng et al., 2020) | ||||
Abbreviations: 10 mCWT, 10-metre comfortable walk test; 10 mFWT, 10-metre fast walk test; 10 mWT, 10-metre walk test; 12 mCWT, 12-metre comfortable walk test; 5 mCWT, 5-metre comfortable walk test; 5 mFWT, 5-metre fast walk test; 6 mCWT, 6-metre comfortable walk test; 6 MWT, 6-minute walk test; 7 mCWT, 7-metre comfortable walk test; 7 mFWT, 7-metre fast walk test; 8 mCWT, 8-metre comfortable walk test; d, day; FIM, functional independence measure; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; m, metres; MET-h, metabolic equivalent hours; min, minute(s); mo, month(s); NR, not reported; NS, not significant; PA, physical activity; PASIPD, Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities; SAM, StepWatch Activity Monitor; STREAM, Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement. 1Paretic side. 2Non-paretic side. 3Number of steps at a low rate is defined as < 30 steps per minute.4Number of steps at a high rate is defined as > 60 steps per minute.