Abstract
A specific Polarographic method with a sensitivity of ≥ 2 jig/kg (ppb) has been used to determine the plasma and tissue concentrations of nitroxynil (NTX), which is used against Parafilaria bovicola in cattle. After treatment with the therapeutic dose on NTX (2 × 20 mg/kg b.w., s,c), there was an initial rapid decrease in the plasma concentration followed by a slower elimination phase. The plasma levels of NTX were 8 mg/kg (ppm) and 3 mg/kg after 6 weeks and 2 months, respectively. The muscle and other edible tissue from treated cattle contained 0.1–0.3 mg/kg NTX after 2 months, and jxg/kg amounts were still detectable 3 months after the injection. Based on available pharmacological and toxicological data, a 3-months withdrawal time for NTX in cattle is proposed.
Keywords: nitroxynil-residues, cattle, Parafilaria bovi-cola treatment, polarography
Sammanfattning
En specifik polar ografisk metod, med en känslighet ≥ 2 μg/kg, har använts för att bestämma resthalter nitroxynil (NTX) som använ-des mot Parafilaria bovicola hos boskap i plasma och vävnad. Efter behandling med den terapeutiska dosen NTX (2 × 20 mg/kg kropps-vikt, s.c) erhölls initialt en snabb minskning av NTX i blodet följt av en långsammare nedgång med en retardation av 8 mg/kg NTX efter 6 veckor och 3 mg/kg NTX efter 3 mamader. Muskel och andra ätbara vävnader från boskap slaktade vid olika tidpunkter efter behandlin-gen, innehöll 0.1–0.3 mg/kg NTX efter 2 månader och fortfarande detekterbara sparmängder μg/kg omradet) 3 månader efter injek-tionerna. Med hänsyn tili tillgängliga farmakologiska och toxikologi-ska data föreslås en karenstid av 3 månader för NTX behandlad boskap.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (1.0 MB).
References
- Beretta C, Locatelli A. Anthelmintic and diffusion properties of 2-iso-4-cyano-6-nitrophenol affected by blood serum or by serum albumin solutions in vitro. Brit. vet. J. 1969;125:483–491. doi: 10.1016/S0007-1935(17)48707-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bond, A. M.: Modern Polarographic Methods in Analytical Chemistry. M. Dekker. Inc., New York and Basel 1980, p. 1–518.
- Davis M, Lucas J M S, Rosenbaum J, Wright D E. 4-cyano-2-iodo-6-nitrophenol: a new fasciolide. Nature. 1966;211:882–883. doi: 10.1038/211882a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Douch P G C, Buchanan L L. The metabolism of nitrophenolic and 5-arylazorhodamine anthelmintics by Ascaris suum, Mo-niezia expansa and by mouse- and sheep-liver enzymes. Xeno-biotica. 1979;9:467–474. doi: 10.3109/00498257909087260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- FAO/WHO: Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives with a review of general principles and of specifications. Seventh Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Tech. Report Series 1974, No 539, 8–92. [PubMed]
- Guilhon J. Tolérance du mouton an iodo-3 hydroxy-4 nitro-5 benzo-nitrile administré par voie parentérale. (Tolerance of sheep against parenteral application of iodo-3 hydroxy-4-nitro-5 ben-zonitrile). Bull. Acad. Vet. 1968;41:37–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hugoson, G.: Personal communication.
- Lucas J M S. 4-cyano-2-iodo-6-nitrophenol, M & B 10.755. I: Activity against experimental fascioliasis in rabbits, sheep and calves. Brit. vet. J. 1967;123:198–211. doi: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)40004-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Meites, L.: Polarographic Techniques. 2nd ed. J. Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1965, p. 89.
- van Miert A S J, Groeneveld H W. Anthelmintics used for the treatment of fasciolasis as uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation in warm blooded animals. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 1969;8:385–388. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(69)90052-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Parnell M J. Determination of nitroxynil residues in sheep and calves. Pestic. Sci. 1970;1:138–143. doi: 10.1002/ps.2780010407. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Perez M K. Human safety data collection and evaluation for the approval of new animal drugs. J. Tox. environ. Health. 1977;3:837–857. doi: 10.1080/15287397709529618. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Takeshita J, Kishi Seki M, Fujiyama K, Otsaka O, Ahiko K. Analysis of nitroxynil (Fasciolicide) in milk and dairy products. Milchwissenschaft. 1980;35:133–135. [Google Scholar]
- Wahlgren, T.: Personal communication.
- Wellington A. C. Parafilaria bovicola in cattle and its control. J. S. Afr. vet. med. Ass. 1980;51:243–244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]