Factors preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission during unintentional exposure in a GP practice: a cohort study of patient contacts; Germany, 2020

Abstract

Two general practitioners (GPs) with SARS-CoV-2 infection provided in-person patient care to patients of their joint medical practice before and after symptom onset, up until SARS-CoV-2 laboratory confirmation. Through active contact tracing, the local public health authorities recruited the cohort of patients that had contact with either GP in their putative infectious period. In this cohort of patient contacts, we assess the frequency and determinants of SARS-CoV-2-transmission from GPs to patients. We calculated incidence rate ratios (IRR) to explore the type of contact as an explanatory variable for COVID-19 cases. Among the cohort of 83 patient contacts, we identified 22 (27%) COVID-19 cases including 17 (21%) possible, three (4%) probable and two (2%) confirmed cases. All 22 cases had contact with a GP when the GP did not wear a mask, and/or when contact was ≥10 min. Importantly, patients who had contact <10 min with a GP wearing a facemask were at reduced risk (IRR 0.21; 95% CI 0.01–0.99) of COVID-19. This outbreak investigation adds to the body of evidence in supporting current guidelines on measures at preventing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in an outpatient setting.

Background

In Germany, the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed on 27 January 2020 [1]. This was followed by several introductions and clusters of cases of COVID-19. On 27 February, Germany reported a total of 26 cases [2]. By 3 March 2020, 196 cases were reported, of which the majority (n = 101) belonged to a large cluster in North-Rhine Westphalia or were linked to importation from high-risk areas (n = 35, from Italy, China, Iran) [3]. Three days later, on 6 March 2020, a total of 639 confirmed COVID-19 cases were reported in Germany [4]. Extensive contact tracing by the responsible health authorities was ongoing.

In this field report, we report about the seventh case of COVID-19 and the associated cluster of contacts and cases that was notified to a local public health authority in Germany (district population of >500 000), on 6 March 2020, in the context of a GP practice. In addition to contact tracing activities, we conducted an outbreak investigation to assess the likelihood of transmission in a GP setting by means of a retrospective cohort study of patient contacts.

Epidemiology of the incident

Two GPs, working in their joint medical practice, had fallen ill with COVID-19 on 29 February and 4 March 2020, respectively. Both GPs had been attending to patients shortly before and after the onset of respiratory symptoms, until laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection on 6 March 2020 (Fig. 1). Of note, because of the limited number of cases of COVID-19 in the area at that time, exposure to SARS-CoV-2 outside of the GP practice was deemed unlikely.

Fig. 1.

Date of symptom onset of possible, probable and confirmed COVID-19 cases within the cohort of patient contacts of two SARS-CoV-2-positive GPs in a medical practice in Germany, February–March 2020. Symptom onset of either GP, the days they attended to patients, and closure of the GP medical practice are marked by blue (GP_X), pink (GP_Y) and black arrows, respectively.

Response and outbreak investigation

Through active contact tracing as by local guidelines, in line with national and international guidelines [5, 6], close contacts were identified, interviewed by phone, and ordered quarantine and PCR-testing, if applicable. For the purpose of the analytical study (outbreak investigation), the local public health authorities recruited the cohort of patients that had contact with either GP in their putative infectious period (starting 2 days before and ending 10 days after the date of symptom onset). The cohort of patients that was exposed to SARS-CoV-2 during their GP visit provided the unique opportunity to investigate the likelihood of transmission in a GP setting. Therefore, and in accordance with national contact tracing guidelines [5], we included patients in our cohort who were exposed to either GP 2 days before their respective date of symptom onset until laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the GP. Thus, the study period included all valid patient contacts from 27 February to 5 March 2020. The GPs were self-isolating from 6 March 2020 onwards. One GP's clinical situation deteriorated and s/he was hospitalised for a week, with pneumonia showing infiltrates on the left and right lungs. Both GPs made a full recovery. Close contacts of either GP were ordered a 14-day home quarantine. Quarantine included active daily monitoring of COVID-19 symptoms and testing for SARS-CoV-2 in the event of symptom onset and/or at the end of the quarantine period. The full referent period can therefore be defined as the 27 February 2020 (2 days before the symptom onset of the first GP) up to and including 19 March 2020 (last day of quarantine). Work-related contacts included six practice assistants; all reported distant contact, tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 and were not considered part of the cohort.

In addition to routine contact tracing phone calls, we interviewed all patient contacts by phone at the end of their putative incubation period (14 days after exposure) and again 4 weeks later, using a standardised questionnaire. We collected information on demographics, medical and travel history. In addition, for each GP visit, the (medical) purpose, duration and type of contact with the GP were extracted, including which GP was seen, the distance to the GP, if the patient was physically examined and whether or not the GP wore a medical facemask. At the time, wearing a facemask by GPs was not yet recommended as a standard infection prevention and control measure for all situations of direct contact to all patients (regardless of infection status) in Germany [7].

We collected information on potential symptom onset in the 14 days after risk contact with the GP, including the type and timing of general and COVID-19-associated symptoms [8, 9]. New onset was defined as a symptom that started the day after the risk contact up until 14 days after the GP visit. COVID-19-compatible symptoms were separated into respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms/clinical diagnoses. Respiratory symptoms/clinical diagnoses included cough, sore throat, common-cold (runny nose), shortness of breath and/or pneumoniae. Non-respiratory symptoms included fever, anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), ageusia (loss of the sense of taste), dysgeusia (distortion of the sense of taste), headache, back-pain, muscle ache, joint-pain, loss of appetite and/or weight, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, conjunctivitis, skin rash, swollen lymph nodes and/or apathy.

Case definitions were based on self-reported symptoms and laboratory criteria. Possible cases reported onset of at least two COVID-19-compatible symptoms. Probable cases met the criteria for a possible case, but also had pneumonia, anosmia, ageusia or dysgeusia. Confirmed cases tested positive for SARS-COV-2, regardless of symptoms (i.e. national COVID-19 case definition).

We used negative binomial regression to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRR with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)) to explore the risk (frequency and determinants) of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from GPs to patients using the MASS and fmsb packages in R Version 3.6.3.

We conducted this outbreak investigation as part of the official tasks of the local public health authorities of the respective district supported by the Robert Koch Institute upon official request in accordance to §4 of the German Protection against Infection Act. Therefore, this investigation was exempt from additional institutional review.

Results and discussion

We reached 91 (70%) of 131 patient contacts as traced by the local health authority. The 40 patient contacts who could not be reached had a median age of 32 (IQR 28–43) years, and 21 (53%) were female. Of the 91 reached, two contacts did not meet our inclusion criteria – they were not exposed to or were exposed outside the infectious period of either GP – and six did not consent. Thus, 83 (91%) of 91 were included in the cohort study.

The median age was 45 (IQR 7–87]) years, 56 (68%) were female. There were 25 (30%) current smokers (tobacco) and 54 (65%) reported underlying conditions. Fifteen people reported travelling in the 2 weeks before visiting their GP; no one travelled to areas classified as risk areas (international) or particularly affected areas (in Germany). Some patients visited their GPs more than once during the infectious period of the GPs. We therefore recorded 89 contact-events in our study (GP_X n = 43; GP_Y n = 46). Patients spent a median of 10 min (IQR 10–20) with their GP. The GPs wore a medical facemask during 31 (35%) of 89 contact-events, more often during physical examination (25/56; 45%) compared to no physical examination (6/32; 19%; Fisher's exact P = 0.046).

In total, 28 participants (33.7%) reported onset of COVID-19-associated symptoms after exposure to either GP, 22 (26.5%) reported respiratory symptoms including fever, 21 (25.3%) reported respiratory symptoms, irrespective of fever. Sore throat (n = 17; 61%), cough (n = 10; 36%), common cold (n = 10; 36%), headache (n = 9; 32%) and apathy (n = 7; 25%) were the most frequently reported symptoms (Fig. 2). We identified 22 (27%) COVID-19 cases, including 17 (21%) possible, three (4%) probable and two (2%) confirmed cases (Fig. 1 and Table 1).

Fig. 2.

Percentage of self-reported onset of COVID-19-associated symptoms after contact with either GP, presented as a percentage of the full cohort, as recalled by the 28/83 study participants.

Table 1.

Summary of characteristics of the five confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases within the cohort of patient contacts of two SARS-CoV-2-positive GPs in a GP practice in Germany, 2020

	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 4	Case 5
Case classification	Confirmed	Confirmed	Probable	Probable	Probable
Age (years)	21	41	24	49	83
Sex	Female	Female	Female	Female	Female
Incubation period (days)	3	14	3	1	5
Underlying conditions	No	No	No	Yes: allergy/asthma; nephroptosis	Yes: allergy; high blood pressure; sinusitis
GP visited	X	X	Y	Y	Y
Time with GP (minutes)	10	10	13	12	5
Distance to GP (meter)	<1	<1	1–2	<1	<1
Close contacta	Close	Close	Close	Close	Close
Physical examination by GP	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
GP wore a face mask	No	No	Yes	Yes	No
Risk contact scoreb	2	2	2	2	2

^aCombination of distance <1 m and/or physical examination/blood drawn/injection.

^bRisk contact score (scale 0–3), one point for each: duration (1 point if ≥10 min), distance (1 point for <1 m and/or physical examination), GP with facemask (1 point for contact without a facemask, or contact ≥10 min with a facemask).

No single type of contact was significantly associated with the risk of getting COVID-19 (Table 2); however, the trends indicated that contact with GP_X, contact in the pre-symptomatic phase (data included for GP_X only, as GP_Y has not seen any patient in their pre-symptomatic phase), and contact ≥10 min increased the risk, while contact with a GP who was wearing a facemask decreased the risk (Table 2). All 22 identified COVID-19 cases had contact with a GP when the GP did not wear a mask, and/or when contact was ≥10 min. Importantly, contact <10 min with a GP wearing a facemask was significantly associated with a reduced risk (IRR 0.21; 95% CI 0.01–0.99) of COVID-19. When assessing the risk using a cumulative score (1 point for each: duration ≥10 min; distance <1 m and/or physical examination; contact without a facemask or contact ≥10 min with facemask), trends indicated that increased exposure increased the risk of COVID-19 (IRR per point 1.23; 95% CI 0.76–2.15).

Table 2.

Incidence and incidence rate ratios (IRR) of COVID-19 cases (possible, probable and confirmed), by risk contact-event with SARS-CoV-2-positive general practitioners (GP)

Type of risk contact	Exposure	Total (n = 89)	%	No case (n = 67)	%	Case (n = 22)	%	Incidence rate ratios	95% CI lower	95% CI upper
GP	GP Y	46	51.7	36	53.7	10	45.5	1 (ref)	(ref)	(ref)
	GP X	43	48.3	31	46.3	12	54.5	1.28	0.55	3.04
Phase of infection of GPs	Symptomatic	20	22.5	16	23.9	4	18.2	1 (ref)	(ref)	(ref)
	Pre-symptomatic	69	77.5	51	76.1	18	81.8	1.30	0.49	4.51
Duration	≥10 min	70	78.7	52	77.6	18	81.8	1 (ref)	(ref)	(ref)
	<10 min	18	20.2	15	22.4	3	13.6	0.65	0.15	1.91
Facemask worn by GP	No facemask	53	59.6	39	58.2	14	63.6	1 (ref)	(ref)	(ref)
	Facemask	31	34.8	24	35.8	7	31.8	0.85	0.32	2.05
	Unknown	5	5.6	4	6.0	1	4.5	–	–	–
Duration and facemask worn by GP combineda	Exposed (contact ≥10 min and/or GP not wearing facemask)	75	84.3	53	79.1	22	100	1 (ref)	(ref)	(ref)
	Unexposed (GP wore facemask and <10 min contact)	14	15.7	14	20.9	0	0.0	0.21	0.01	0.99
Risk contact scoreb	Per point (continuous)	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1.23	0.76	2.15

^aIRR calculated using Haldane-Anscombe correction.

^bRisk contact score (scale 0–3), one point for each: duration (1 point if ≥10 min), distance (1 point for <1 m and/or physical examination), GP with facemask (1 point for contact without a facemask, or contact ≥10 min with a facemask).

The results should be interpreted considering the following limitations. First, and due to the observational nature of our study, our case definitions are subject to potential misclassification. Our case definition for possible cases is very sensitive and includes symptoms that could also have been caused by pathogens other than SARS-CoV-2, e.g. seasonal influenza, which were still circulating at the time of the outbreak investigation. Conversely, the definition of confirmed cases relied on the availability of PCR test results. Although the majority of exposed patients (64/83) were tested, it is possible that asymptomatic cases or cases developing infection after the test were missed. Second, we cannot exclude that individual cases acquired their SARS-CoV-2 infection through a different exposure (i.e. not in the GP practice). However, as community transmission in the district was still very limited at the time [3, 4], we consider this possibility unlikely. Third, we could trace 70%, but not all, of the listed GP contacts; this is a finding on its own. However, it does potentially introduce bias to the results, because we do not know if the contacts who were not reached had a specific profile irrespective of age or sex or whether the non-response was associated with being a case. Last, because of the limited cohort size, not all potentially confounding factors, such as patient characteristics (e.g. underlying illness) combined with possible differences in patient contact with GP_X or GP_Y could be considered in the statistical analysis.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the use of facemasks for GPs and short consultation times helped limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 from GPs to their patients. Should a GP or other healthcare workers outside of a hospital setting with COVID-19 be shedding SARS-CoV-2 at the peak of infectiousness (i.e. shortly before or after symptom onset) then these types of infection prevention and control measures may prevent transmission to susceptible patients. Our investigation lends support to current guidelines from WHO and the ECDC, both recommending all healthcare workers to continuously wear a medical facemask at work especially in areas of community transmission [10–13].

Data

Detailed data are confidential and protected by German law. Anonymised data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Conflict of interest

No conflict of interest reported. TSB and JKB are fellows of the ECDC Fellowship Programme, supported financially by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). The views and opinions expressed herein do not state or reflect those of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for the data and information collation and analysis and cannot be held liable for conclusions or opinions drawn.