Epidemiological Analysis of Rabies in Central China from 2013 to 2018

Abstract

Objective

The study aimed to timely grasp the epidemiologic status of rabies in Central China from 2013 to 2018 and provide scientific evidence for the implementation of follow-up prevention and control measures.

Methods

We initiated a retrospective observational and descriptive study of bite-related injuries data and rabies disease data in Hubei province from 2013 to 2018, managed by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

Results

A total of 2,028,691 individuals were exposed to bites from 2013 to 2018, of which 221 were diagnosed with rabies and deceased. Among those cases, the incubation periods of rabies varied from 3 days to 18,406 days, which has been shown to be statistically associated with where the infected person was exposed and whether the wound care has been conducted.

Conclusion

Epidemiological studies have shown that from 2013 to 2018, the current situation of rabies in Central China is still severe. The case fatality rate keeps virtually 100%. The rural population is still the most vulnerable group to rabies, characterized by a high exposure ratio and low treatment rate as well as poor vaccination compliance. Hoewever, larger populations are warranted to validate our findings.

Introduction

Rabies, a kind of zoonoses caused by the rabies virus, is a fatal neurological disease associated with replication in the central nervous system (CNS). The case fatality rate of rabies is virtually 100%. There is no effective therapeutic drug so far. In addition to that, rabies vaccination has been recognized as the most effective measure to prevent and control the disease. Due to the high fatality rate, the highly variable incubation period, and prognosis, it is urgent to update accurate data on animal bite exposure and estimate the overall incidence of animal bite across the country.^1–6

China is one of the countries with a large number of rabies cases in the world. Notably, Hubei Province, with a population of nearly 60 million, is a typical representative of the economy, politics, culture, and geography in China. The high incidence rate and improper case management made rabies a great challenge, especially for rural China. To timely grasp epidemic characteristics of rabies, the current study aimed to assess the prevalence of rabies in Hubei and the incubation period as well as understand the association of rabies prevention and control in Central China. By providing scientific reference, those findings can establish a stepping stone to optimize rabies prevention and control measures.

Study Objects and Methods

Study Objects

From 2013 to 2018, 2,028,691 cases have been recorded with a history of being bitten, of which 221 diagnosed cases were further investigated face-to-face by the rabies case questionnaire formulated by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The questionnaire contained information on the socio-demographic characteristics of rabies, injured time, onset disease time, treatment, vaccination status. Informed consents were obtained from all participants. A parent or legal guardian provided informed consent for participants under the age of 18. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Definition of Rabies Cases

The study adopts the WHO criteria for defining a standard case of rabies:⁷ Clinical cases are cases with acute neurological syndrome (such as encephalitis), mainly for functional stimulated type (eg, mania) rabies or paralysis syndrome type (such as paralysis) rabies, without intensive care support, the patient usually within 7 to 11 days after starting symptoms progressive development to coma and decrease, die because of common respiratory failure.

Diagnosis is made by meeting one or more of the following laboratory criteria:

A. Presence of viral antigens;

B. Virus isolated from cell culture or experimental animal inoculation;

C. Virus-specific antibodies are present in cerebrospinal fluid or serum of unvaccinated persons;

D. Detection of viral nucleic acids in living or autopsy samples (such as brain biopsy samples, skin, saliva, concentrated urine) by molecular biological methods.

WHO rabies cases are classified as follows:

①Suspected cases: cases that meet the clinical case definition;

②Probable cases: suspected cases with a reliable history of contact with suspected rabies animals;

③Confirmed case: laboratory-confirmed suspected or probable case.

In the absence of an animal exposure history or clinically suspected encephalitis symptoms, a definitive diagnosis can be made if laboratory diagnostic tests are clear.

Definition and Classification of Exposure

Suspected exposure to rabies virus includes saliva or tissues of animals infected with virus comes into close contact with human damaged skin or mucous membrane by biting, scratching, or licking. For rare cases, rabies can be contracted through organ transplantation or inhalation of aerosols.

Exposure to the rabies virus was classified into three levels according to the nature and severity of the exposure.^7–10 The categories of exposure and its post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was grouped as follows:

Level I exposure: one of the following:

1. Touching or feeding animals;

2. Intact skin is licked;

3. Intact skin contact with the secretion or excrement of rabies animals or human rabies cases.

For level I exposure, washing of exposed skin surfaces is recommended by WHO but PEP not indicated.

Level II exposure: one of the following:

1. Nibbling on bare skin;

2. Minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding.

For Level II exposure, the wound should be washed, and the exposed person should be vaccinated immediately.

To identify the levels of exposure: First, observe the skin at the exposed site with the naked eyes. When it is difficult to judge by the naked eye, alcohol can be used to wipe the exposed area. If there is pain, it indicates that there is skin damage (this method is only suitable for testing at the time of injury).

Level III exposure: one of the following:

1. Single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches through the skin;

2. The damaged skin is licked (should pay attention to the skin chapped, scratched and other causes of small skin damage);

3. Mucous membrane is contaminated by animal saliva (such as being licked);

4. Exposure due to direct contact with bats (post-exposure prophylaxis should be considered when human-to-bat contact occurs, unless the exposed person rules out bite, scratch or mucous membrane exposure).

Statistical Analysis

The data were double inputted by Epidata 3.0 to ensure accuracy. After ruling out logical errors, data analysis has been initiated in SPSS13.0. One-way chi-square tests and multi-factors logistical regressions have been performed to test the association between the exposure features and the length of the incubation period. A P value less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant.

Results

Exposure and Rabies Incidence

From 2013 to 2018, a total of 2,028,691 exposed individuals were received in the outpatient department of rabies exposure in Hubei province, including 314,468 cases in 2013, 250,348 cases in 2014, 331,435 cases in 2015, 276,579 cases in 2016, 438,521 cases in 2017 and 417,340 cases in 2018 (Figure 1). Among those cases, Dog bites were the most common, accounting for 78.61%. Cat bites accounted for 15.35%; Bites from other animals accounted for 6.04% (Figure 2). Among those exposed cases, 221 rabies cases were confirmed and deceased in Hubei province.

Figure 1.

Number of people exposed to animals in Central China from 2013 to 2018.

Figure 2.

The ratio of bites in Central China from 2013 to 2018.

The Demographic Distribution of Rabies in Central China

The reported incidence of rabies remains constant from 2013 to 2018, including 39 cases reported in 2013, 39 in 2014, 37 in 2015, 31 in 2016, 39 in 2017, and 36 in 2018. Cases were reported throughout the year (Figure 3). In addition to the Snj area, cases have been reported in other areas of the province, among which the top five reported cases are Xy city (43 cases), Yc city (40 cases), Jz city (31 cases), Sy city (21 cases) and Jm city (21 cases) (Figure 4). Among the 221 rabies cases, the age distribution of infected patients ranged from 2 years to 93 years. Cases are mostly reported in the following three age groups: 60–65 age group (38 cases), 50–55 age group (35 cases), 55–60 age group (30 cases). 76.02% of cases were aged over 50 (Figure 5). Among all occupations, farmers had the largest incidence (169 cases, accounting for 76.47%), followed by housework (21 cases, 9.50%) (Figure 6). The male-to-female ratio of rabies infection in Hubei was 1.91 to 1.

Figure 3.

Incidence trend of rabies in different months from 2016 to 2018 in Central China.

Figure 4.

Statistics of rabies incidence in various regions of Central China from 2013 to.

Figure 5.

Distribution of rabies in different age groups in Central China from 2013 to 2018.

Figure 6.

Occupational distribution of rabies in Central China from 2013 to 2018.

Epidemiological Analysis of Rabies Cases

A total of 164 cases were applied to the final analysis compared to 221 targeted cases. Missing data on disease risk exposure and disposal may be related to the high case fatality rate of rabies.

The Source of Infection

Of the 164 cases with known histories of exposure, 148 (90.24%) were attributed to dogs, 11 by cats, 2 by other animals and 3 by both dogs and cats (difficult to determine whether dog or cat is responsible for the human rabies case). Among the cases only attributed to dogs, 84 (56.75%) of which were exposed to the dogs of their own or neighbors, and 64 (43.25%) were exposed to stray dogs. For cases of exposure to the dogs of their own, hosts reported that their dogs look healthy in appearance while biting. Among those cases, 12 animals survived; none of them had a history of immunization (Table 1).

Table 1.

Factors of Injury and Incubation Period in Rabies Cases

Group	Number	Percent (%)	Median (Quartile Spacing)	χ2	p
Species of hurtful animals
Dogs	148	90.24	71.0 (32.00~168.00)	2.733	0.255
Cats	11	6.71	54.0 (35.00~119.50)
Others	5	3.05	3876.5 (125.00~7628.00)
Source of hurtful animals
Autotrophic animals	58	35.37	69.0 (35.25~160.25)	2.781	0.427
Adjacent animals	26	15.85	35.0 (16.50~121.50)
Stray animals	65	39.63	75.0 (30.75~187.75)
Wild animals	7	4.27	115.5(106.00~125.00)
Causes of animal injury
Active attack	98	59.76	73.0 (33.50~190.50)	1.235	0.745
Self-defense wound	15	9.15	64.0 (25.50~175.75)
Teasing	25	15.24	88.5 (32.25~142.25)
Others or unknown	18	10.98	41.0 (28.00~131.00)
Hurtful animals outcome
Normal	12	7.32	112.0 (25.50~2739.50)	7.727	0.102
Animals killed	61	37.20	49.5 (25.00–107.00)
Missing	60	36.59	75.0 (33.50–202.00)
Paroxysm	9	5.49	93.0 (34.75~195.50)
Other	24	14.63	125.0 (45.00~298.00)

Site and Severity of Exposure

The anatomical sites of exposure were the head, face, and neck in 19 cases (11.59%), the hands in 70 cases (42.68%), the arms in 22 cases (13.41%), the trunk in 3 cases (1.83%), and lower limbs in 64 cases (39.02%). There is a case of exposure of face and head for a child under 10 years old. Among those cases, 7 cases (4.27%) were level I exposure, 50 cases (30.49%) were level II exposure, while 104 cases (63.41%) were level III exposure. For 3 cases (1.83%), exposure levels are unknown.

The Wound Management and Immune Status

Of the 164 patients, 55 (33.54%) received wound care, including 11 treated by medical institutions and 44 by themselves. 12 patients (11 with level III exposure and 1 with level I exposure) received wound care and were vaccinated. 6 patients were injected with immunoglobulin. A total of 109 cases (66.46%) neither received wound care nor vaccinated.

The Incubation Period of Cases

Among the 164 patients, the incubation period ranged from 3 days to 18,406 days (about 50 years), with a median incubation period of 71 days. The incubation period was less than 1 week in 3 cases (1.83%), above 1 week but less than 1 month in 31 patients (18.90%), 1 month to 3 months in 46 patients (28.05%). A total of 127 patients (77.44%) have incubation periods of less than one year. 16 cases (9.76%) had an incubation period of more than 1 year, and 21 cases (12.80%) had an unknown incubation period.

1. There was no statistically significant difference in the incubation period of rabies cases with different genders, ages and occupations (Table 2).

2. There were statistically significant differences in the length of the incubation period of rabies cases at different exposed sites, but no statistically significant differences in the incubation period of rabies cases with varying modes and degrees of exposure. Specifically, patients whose head, necks, and torsos were exposed have significantly shorter incubation periods than those with other sites exposed (Table 3).

3. There was no statistically significant difference in the incubation periods of rabies cases among species of hurtful animals, sources of injury animals, causes of animal injuries, and wound animal outcomes (Table 1).

4. There was a statistically significant difference in the length of the incubation period between wound treated and untreated rabies cases after exposure. The incubation period of the rabies cases with irrigation was statistically significantly different from that of cases without irrigation (p < 0.05). The average incubation period of the irrigated rabies cases was shorter than that of the untreated. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the incubation period of cases with or without disinfection and suture (Table 4).

5. The incubation periods of the vaccinated patients are statistically significantly shorter than that of the unvaccinated patients (Table 5).

Table 2.

The General Demography and Incubation Period of Rabies Cases

Group	Number	Percent (%)	Median (Quartile Spacing)	Statistical Test
Gender
Male	104	63.41	68.0 (30.00~147.50)	Z=−0.622, p=0.534
Female	60	36.59	82.0 (33.00~183.50)
Age
≤6	7	4.27	15.0 (10.25~30.25)	χ2=7.677, p=0.104
7~17	5	3.05	71.5 (35.50~92.50)
18~40	15	9.15	36.0 (21.00~232.00)
41~65	66	40.24	77.0 (30.00~218.00)
≥66	71	43.29	74.0 (41.50~154.00)
Occupation
Peasant	135	82.32	77.0 (33.00~164.00)	Z=−1.240, p=0.215
Other	29	17.68	44.0 (20.50~196.25)

Table 3.

The Association Between Exposure and Incubation Period

Group	Number	Percent (%)	Median (Quartile Spacing)	χ2	p
Mode of exposure
Bite	145	88.41	73.0 (32.00~166.00)	0.636	0.727
Scratch	15	9.15	44.5 (30.25~189.00)
Other	4	2.44	79.0 (15.00~143.00)
Degree of exposure
Level I	7	4.27	83.5 (31.00~698.00)	0.503	0.778
Level II	50	30.49	70.5 (31.25~202.25)
Level III	104	63.41	73.5 (32.00~162.75)
Exposed area
Head, neck and torso	19	11.59	30.0 (16.00~77.50)	11.674	0.02
Arm	22	13.41	75.0 (28.00~129.50)
Hand	70	42.68	70.0 (32.00~149.00)
Above the knee	12	7.32	218.0 (86.50~2660.25)
Below the knee	52	31.71	72.5 (32.25~205.00)

Table 4.

Treatment of Wounds and Incubation Period After Exposure in 164 Rabies Cases

Group	Number	Percent(%)	Median (Quartile Spacing)	Statistical Test
Wound management
Untreated	111	67.68	88.0 (36.00~208.50)	χ2=16.142, p=0.000
Self treatment	44	26.83	64.0 (30.50~116.00)
Medical institution treatment	11	6.71	16.0 (14.00~19.00)
Irrigation
Yes	54	32.93	49.5 (18.00~103.25)	Z=−2.873, p=0.004
No	110	67.07	89.0 (36.00~208.00)
Disinfection
Yes	24	14.63	60.0 (16.00~168.00)	Z=−1.530, p=0.126
No	140	85.37	74.0 (34.00~162.75)
Suture
Yes	7	4.27	19.0 (14.00~168.00)	Z=−1.825, p=0.068
No	146	93.59	73 (33.0~174.5)

Table 5.

Inoculation and Incubation Period of Rabies Cases

Group	Number	Percent(%)	Median (Quartile Spacing)	Statistical Test
Vaccination
Yes	12	7.32	16.5 (14.50~60.25)	Z=−3.131, p=0.002
No	152	92.68	75.0 (34.00~183.00)

Discussion

The data analysis results in the recent five years showed that the trend of reported cases of rabies in Hubei Province was flat, and there were no regional outbreaks or large-scale outbreaks. Admittedly, due to the increase in the autotrophic pet population,^11–15 the number of animal exposures in the past five years has generally shown an increasing trend, which brings challenges to the prevention and control of rabies. However, the incidence of rabies has remained stable in a relatively small range during five years. In the research process, it is also necessary to rule out confounding and bias, such as the insensitivity of epidemic surveillance.

Among those investigated cases, the male-to-female ratio is greater than 1, which is consistent with past studies on the distribution of rabies cases. Farmers constitute the majority of the cases, which is in accordance with the general occupational distribution of rabies in China and other countries.^16–19 76.02% of patients whose age of onset is older than 50. Notably, in China, the age of farmers is usually higher than 50 years old, which makes the occupational distribution of rabies coincide with the age distribution. Possible explanations include first, working in the field makes the risk exposure time longer (more likely to be in contact with wild animals); second, the patient usually lacks knowledge of rabies and will not seek treatment after exposure; third, improper case management and limited PEP resources in rural areas; fourth, the inaccessibility and unaffordable ability of medical services.^20–24 In summary, in Central China, rural areas still have a higher incidence of rabies than urban areas. The target population for rabies prevention and control should be the rural middle-aged working population.

The duration of the incubation period in the study group ranged from 3 days to 18,406 days. 49.39% of cases onset were within 3 months, and 77.44% of cases onset were within 1 year. Notably, the most prolonged incubation period among the reported cases exceeded 50 years, which was consistent with the data reported in relevant literature.^25–28 In general, the confirmed cases are mainly the second and third levels of exposure. The proportion of wound treatment, irrigation, disinfection, suturing, and vaccination among the exposed population is still low. Only 12 cases were vaccinated after exposure (7.32%), and only 6 cases (3.66%) followed with the administration of rabies immunoglobulin. Admittedly, compared with other developing countries in Asia and Africa, rabies vaccine and Rabies Immune Globulin (RIG) are widely available in China, but the coverage of receiving post-exposure prophylaxis among exposed cases in Central China is still very low.²⁹ The reason may be traced back to the fact that people do not have a comprehensive understanding of rabies and its standard post-exposure prophylaxis. Notably, in some cases, even vaccinated, patients’ compliance with the recommended dosing schedule of vaccines is still challenging.^30–32 The average time from the onset of symptoms to decrease ranged from 7 to 11 days. The majority of fatal cases died of respiratory failure and Neuronal dysfunction.^33–36 In view of the current status of the rabies epidemic in Central China, the popularization of rabies knowledge should be enhanced, especially in the rural region. At the same time, the standardization, accessibility, and affordability of rabies PEP should be further enhanced to reduce further death risk.

Rabies is still a challenge to the population health of Central China, especially in rural areas. In Hubei, new cases of rabies are reported nearly every month. The incubation period, ranging from 3 days to 50 years, was found to be statistically significant with the sites of exposure. In other words, patients whose head, necks, and torsos exposed have significantly shorter incubation periods than that of the other. Even though the vaccine has been used for rabies post-intervention in China since 1981, this paper found that the overall coverage of standard PEP among vulnerable groups in Central China is still low. With regard to gender and age distribution, middle-aged men have a higher risk exposure ratio. To investigate the potential causes should explore the social and economic factors embedded.

Following the above epidemiological study, the paper suggested a list of measures to be taken in a targeted manner: From the animal side, on the one hand, strict control and immunization on stray animals should be stressed. On the other hand, hosts should take their pet animals to visit veterinarians on a regular basis and keep rabies vaccinations up-to-date. From the human side, strict measures must be enhanced to ensure the availability, accessibility and affordability of Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and PEP. For instance, standard PEP training for rural medical staff should be strengthened. It is also urgent to enhance the local monitoring system of vaccine compliance.

Ethical Approval

The study protocol and the questionnaire were reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee in Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 430,079, Wuhan, China. Participation was voluntary with informed consent forms signed before participation. The data could be accessed from Prof. Yeqing Tong.

Disclosure

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.