Abstract
Coronary artery bypass grafting has long been the standard of care for patients with left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease. Lately, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become a suitable alternative for these patients, but the procedure may be challenging. We describe 2 cases of LMCA PCI failure requiring surgical intervention. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.)
Key Words: complication, coronary artery bypass, stents
Abbreviations and Acronyms: LAD, left anterior descending; LMCA, left main coronary artery; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention
Graphical abstract
Case Descriptions
A 69-year-old woman underwent a primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with left main coronary artery (LMCA) and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery stenting. This procedure was followed by staged treatment of the left circumflex artery and further LAD stenting for severe in-stent restenosis with an LMCA stent post-dilatation as a result of suboptimal expansion. After 6 months she presented with unstable angina. Diagnostic imaging showed the coronary stent protruding through the LMCA origin into the aortic root (Figure 1A), and a repeat coronary angiogram showed in-stent thrombosis. The patient was then referred for surgery and underwent on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting to the LAD and left circumflex artery. Once the aorta was opened, the LMCA stent was found protruding approximately 1 cm into the left sinus of Valsalva, in direct contact with the aortic valve, which was not damaged (Figure 1B). The stent was then cut at the origin of the LMCA, and the operation was completed successfully.
Learning Objectives
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Patients presenting with new symptoms following LMCA stenting need careful assessment with both invasive and noninvasive imaging.
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Despite the latest guidelines for myocardial revascularization in LMCA stenosis, such patients should undergo heart team evaluation to find the best possible treatment.
Figure 1.
LMCA PCI Failure and Repair
(A and B) Patient 1. Echocardiographic and surgical views of the stent protruding through the left main coronary ostium in direct contact with the left cusp of the aortic valve. (C and D) Patient 2. Angiographic images of the malpositioned and fractured left main stent. (E) Patient 2. Surgical view after cut of the protruding stent. (F) Patient 2. The trimmed portion of the stent. LMCA = left main coronary artery; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.
A second patient, a 76-year-old woman, 2 months following a primary PCI with LMCA and LAD stenting for an anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, presented with exertional angina. Echocardiographic examination showed a stent protruding through the left coronary ostium. At coronary angiography, the protruding stent was unexpanded and fractured (Figures 1C and 1D). In this case, open heart surgery was necessary to cut the fractured stent protruding into the aorta with few clots for approximately 7 mm (Figures 1E and 1F) and to perform intraoperative balloon dilation through the LMCA, under direct vision, to achieve full stent expansion. The operation was then completed uneventfully.
Both patients were discharged home, and at 6 months follow-up they were both free from angina, with no signs of myocardial ischemia during exercise electrocardiogram testing.
LMCA PCI may be challenging because of certain anatomic and structural factors: the length and angle of bifurcation and its specific histological characteristics could make stent positioning difficult or even impossible. The most frequent complications are in-stent restenosis, stent fracture, thrombosis, and malposition, which can increase the risk of early and late coronary events and/or damage to the aortic valve. A malpositioned LMCA stent may be treated surgically (1) or conservatively (2). These 2 patients underwent surgery. The malpositioned stents were cut in both cases to avoid aortic damage and to prevent thromboembolic events and/or endocarditis, in addition to coronary artery bypass grafting and intraoperative balloon stent dilatation, respectively, to treat coronary ischemia.
Author Relationship With Industry
The authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.
Footnotes
The authors attest they are in compliance with human studies committees and animal welfare regulations of the authors’ institutions and Food and Drug Administration guidelines, including patient consent where appropriate. For more information, visit the JACC: Case Reportsauthor instructions page.
References
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