Table 1.
Example European studies on the epidemiology of CVD and CHD among SA immigrants.
| Country | Author | Pub. year | Area | Study period | Main findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality | ||||||
| UK | McKeigue | 1988 | England, Wales | 1970–1972 | SA men and women had 50% higher CHD mortality than the national average | 11 |
| UK | Wild | 2007 | England, Wales | 2001–2003 | Standardised mortality rates for circulatory disease death in Bangladeshis were the highest of all 13 groups assessed. For CHD, men: local 96, Pakistani 162, Indian 131, Bangladeshi 175; women: 97, 174, 149 and 167 | 12 |
| Italy | Fedeli | 2015 | Veneto | 2008–2013 | SAs had the highest SMRs (compared to Italians) for CHD death of all 7 immigrant groups assessed: 2.53 for men, 4.53 for women | 14 |
| Spain | Regidor | 2009 | National data | 2001–2005 | SA men had the highest age-adjusted CVD mortality across Spaniards and 9 immigrant groups. Compared to Spaniards, MRRs for CHD were 2.8 for SAs men; for CeVD, 3.6 for SA men and 2.2 for women | 17 |
| Various | Ikram | 2016 | – | 1992–2007 | Pooling data from Denmark, England & Wales, France, the Netherlands, Scotland, and Spain, SA immigrants had a higher CVD mortality compared to European-borns | 25 |
| Prevalence and Incidence | ||||||
| UK | Hippisley-Cox | 2017 | England | 1998–2015 | Compared to local Whites, Pakistanis and Bangladeshi women had 70% higher CVD risk, Indians and Bangladeshi men 30% higher risk | 13 |
| Italy | Fedeli | 2018 | Veneto | 2015 | SAs had the highest risk of CHD compared to Italians and other immigrant groups | 15 |
| Spain | Cainzos-Achirica | 2019 | Catalonia | 2017 | SAs had the highest prevalence of CHD compared to Spaniards and other 4 immigrant groups. SA women ages 60–79 years had the highest prevalence of CeVD among women | 18 |
| Denmark | Hempler | 2011 | Capital, Central Regions | 1997–2000 | Pakistanis had a higher incidence of CVD and AMI than Danes, Turks, and Former Yugoslavians. Age- and socioeconomic status-adjusted RRs of CVD compared to Danes were 1.40 and 1.77 for Pakistani men and women, respectively | 20 |
| Norway | Rabanal | 2015 | National data | 1994–2009 | SAs had the highest risk of AMI/stroke hospitalization compared to locals and 13 immigrant groups. AMI SERs in men: Norwegians 386, SAs 812; women: Norwegians 98, SAs 216 | 22 |
| Sweden | Hedlund | 2007 | Stockholm County | 1977–1996 | Compared to Swedish-borns, age- and sex-adjusted RR of first AMI in SA was 1.50 for men, 2.06 for women | 23 |
Abbreviations: AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CHD, coronary heart disease; CeVD, cerebrovascular disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MRR, mortality rate ratio; RR, relative risk; SA, South Asian; SER, standardised event rate; SMR, standardised mortality ratio; UK, United Kingdom
Due to space limitations this list is not exhaustive but rather, presents a summary of cohort, population-based and mortality statistics studies from key European countries.