Preoperative (left), completion (middle), and 12-month follow-up (right) angiograms.
Central Message.
Conservative management of initial graft failure after robotic-assisted CABG in select patients may lead to positive outcomes.
See Commentaries on pages 194 and 196.
Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) is being increasingly performed and robotic-assisted left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending (LIMA-LAD) grafting has been shown to have comparable clinical outcomes to traditional CABG1 while avoiding the morbidity associated with sternotomy. Although completion angiography is not the standard of care for post-CABG patients, we have routinely performed an angiogram in patients after robotic-assisted CABG either in a hybrid room immediately after the procedure, or postoperatively in the catheterization lab. This practice was almost universal in the first several hundred cases and is still routinely done during hybrid revascularization cases. We present a case in which the initial completion angiogram revealed distal LAD occlusion consistent with graft failure; however, the 1-year angiogram showed a widely patent LIMA-LAD anastomosis.
Case Description
The patient was an active 80-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease status post percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to the proximal LAD, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation who presented with exertional chest pain. Echocardiography demonstrated left ventricular ejection fraction 40%. Angiography revealed a chronic total occlusion of his LAD with distal filling via collaterals (Figure 1, Video 1), and we proceeded with robotic-assisted CABG. The da Vinci (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, Calif) robot was used to harvest the LIMA, open the pericardium, and identify the distal LAD target (Video 2). When this was completed, a 3- to 4-cm non–rib-spreading mini-thoracotomy was created for distal anastomosis. The distal LAD was identified and was extremely small, <1 mm, and was stabilized with the Nuvo off-pump stabilizer (Medtronic Corporation, Minneapolis, Minn). The LIMA-LAD anastomosis was then performed off-pump, manually, using an 8-0 polypropylene suture. A completion angiogram demonstrated poor flow distally, despite intracoronary nitroglycerin; however, there was some retrograde filling of the septal and diagonal vessels (Figure 2, Video 3). Given the small nature of the vessel, the team felt that further attempts at revascularization would be futile. The patient's postoperative course was unremarkable, and he was discharged home on postoperative day 3. He was seen 12 days postoperatively and was increasing his activity with no angina symptoms, and by 1 month he had resumed all of his previous activities with no angina. Twelve months after surgery a left heart catheterization was completed for clearance before spine surgery, revealing a patent LIMA-LAD graft (Figure 3, Video 4) with good antegrade and retrograde flow. We did not obtain consent specifically for writing this report because no identifiable data was used. In addition, our surgical consent that the patient signed included consent for the use of photographs or videos.
Figure 1.
Preoperative angiogram, left anterior oblique 13 cranial 45 projection, showing chronic total occlusion of the left anterior descending with distal filling via collaterals.
Figure 2.
Completion angiogram, left anterior oblique 17 cranial 10 projection, after robotic-assisted left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending demonstrating poor flow distally, despite intracoronary nitroglycerin. Some retrograde filling of the septal and diagonal branches is seen.
Figure 3.
Angiogram obtained 12 months postoperatively for cardiac clearance before spine surgery revealing a patent left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending graft with good antegrade and retrograde flow, left anterior oblique 34 cranial 1 projection.
Discussion
Completion angiography is not routinely employed by coronary surgeons after CABG in contrast to other cardiovascular procedures, and procedural success is largely determined by subjective surgeon assessment and/or Doppler assessment of grafts in the operating room. Although intraoperative assessment of grafts with transit time flow measurement can provide physiologic assessment of bypass grafts and is currently recommended, there may be a greater incidence of false negatives compared with angiography.2 Postoperative angiographic graft assessment is typically reserved for patients who have a deviation in expected clinical course or have objective evidence of ischemia. In postoperative CABG patients who undergo left heart catheterization for electrocardiogram changes, chest pain, or hemodynamic changes, 69% have a positive finding related to bypass grafts on imaging.3 Previous work from our institution in which the first 199 patients undergoing robotic-assisted LIMA-LAD grafting had routine completion angiography at the time of operation or before discharge found 95% of bypass grafts to be patent, with 14 graft defects detected. The 5 graft defects identified intraoperatively (3 graft failures, and 2 target vessel errors) were all treated with graft revision during the same operative setting. Of the 9 graft defects identified on postoperative angiography, 6 graft failures were treated with PCI, and 1 patient with graft failure was taken for multivessel CABG. Of the 2 patients with inadvertent diagonal grafting, one received PCI to the LAD, and one did not receive any further revascularization.1
Graft patency has been evaluated extensively, primarily with regards to long-term durability. Early graft patency is high, with generally 95% of arterial and 88% of vein grafts reported to be patent on early angiography.4 Early graft failure is usually due to technical mistakes. However, patient-related factors such as small distal target vessels or poor runoff, may also play a role. Although the treatment of post-CABG graft failure remains poorly defined, regression of graft stenosis has been described. Izumi and colleagues5 described patients with early graft stenosis >50% who underwent angiography at an average of 5 years post bypass, and stenosis decreased from 69% ± 13% to 35% ± 20%, suggesting that early graft imperfections in the LIMA to LAD anastomosis may improve without intervention. In the case described in this report, we assumed that this case was a technical failure, until repeat angiography showed a patent LIMA-LAD anastomosis 12 months after surgery.
Conclusions
Completion angiography is useful for evaluating initial technical success after robotic-assisted LIMA-LAD grafting. However, conservative management of initial graft failures, especially in patients without objective evidence of ischemia, may lead to positive outcomes.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Dr Halkos is an advisory board member for Medtronic, Inc, and has a patent for a new minimally invasive coronary stabilizer. Dr Winters reported no conflicts of interest.
The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest.
Supplementary Data
Preoperative angiogram, LAO 13 cranial 45 projection, showing chronic total occlusion of the LAD with distal filling via collaterals. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30198-X/fulltext.
Technique for LIMA-LAD anastomosis. After robotic harvest of the LIMA a 3-4-cm mini-thoracotomy is created. The distal LAD is identified and an off pump stabilizer is used. The anastomosis is completed manually, using an 8-0 polypropylene suture. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30198-X/fulltext.
Completion angiogram, LAO 17 cranial 10 projection magnified 2× for comparison, after robotic-assisted LIMA-LAD demonstrating poor flow distally, despite intracoronary nitroglycerin. Some retrograde filling of the septal and diagonal branches is seen. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30198-X/fulltext.
Angiogram obtained 12 months postoperatively for cardiac clearance before spine surgery revealing a patent LIMA-LAD graft with good antegrade and retrograde flow, LAO 34 cranial 1 projection. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30198-X/fulltext.
References
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Preoperative angiogram, LAO 13 cranial 45 projection, showing chronic total occlusion of the LAD with distal filling via collaterals. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30198-X/fulltext.
Technique for LIMA-LAD anastomosis. After robotic harvest of the LIMA a 3-4-cm mini-thoracotomy is created. The distal LAD is identified and an off pump stabilizer is used. The anastomosis is completed manually, using an 8-0 polypropylene suture. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30198-X/fulltext.
Completion angiogram, LAO 17 cranial 10 projection magnified 2× for comparison, after robotic-assisted LIMA-LAD demonstrating poor flow distally, despite intracoronary nitroglycerin. Some retrograde filling of the septal and diagonal branches is seen. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30198-X/fulltext.
Angiogram obtained 12 months postoperatively for cardiac clearance before spine surgery revealing a patent LIMA-LAD graft with good antegrade and retrograde flow, LAO 34 cranial 1 projection. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30198-X/fulltext.