Multiloop suture anchored to the fibrous tip of posteromedial papillary muscle.
Central Message.
We present a novel papillary muscle relocation technique using a multiloop technique to address the subvalvular apparatus in functional mitral regurgitation.
See Commentaries on pages 136 and 138.
Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), a subtype of functional MR, occurs when mitral valve leaflets cannot adequately coapt in the absence of structural abnormalities. Functional MR is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.1 Ischemia causes left ventricular remodeling, annular dilatation, and poor leaflet coaptation. Treatment involves revascularization via coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and mitral valve repair via restrictive annuloplasty (RA). Recurrence of MR is still seen in up to 58.8% of patients at 2 years postoperatively.2 In most cases, persistent posterior leaflet tethering leads to poorly sustained coaptation. Papillary muscle relocation (PMR) strategies have been developed to adjust the subvalvular apparatus as an adjunct to RA, showing promising results in reducing MR recurrence.3 We present an innovative modification of the original PMR technique using a multiloop suture to treat moderate to severe IMR.
Surgical Technique
Video 1 shows the preparation and application of the multi-loop. Each end of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) suture (CV-4 Gore-Tex; WL Gore & Associates Inc, Newark, Del) is passed through a PTFE felt pledget, creating a loop to which additional sutures can attach (Figure 1). Typically, 2 sutures are passed through the loop, tied tightly with multiple knots, and can slide along the primary suture. Transesophageal echocardiography is used to confirm the absence of leaflet abnormalities. Median sternotomy was performed. CABG was performed in a conventional fashion. Upon accessing the left atrium, an inspection confirms the echocardiographic findings regarding leaflet tethering, which typically occurs at the level of P2 and P3. The free ends of the loop are anchored to the fibrous tip of the posteromedial papillary muscle (PPM), which was buttressed with a pledget. PFTE sutures attached to the loop are passed through the P2 and P3 aspects of the annulus, from ventricular to the atrial side. RA is performed with a complete rigid ring (Profile 3D, Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn) 2 sizes down from obtained measurements. Neochord lengths are then adjusted. The PPM is relocated to establish adequate coaptation at the annular plane. Saline is injected into the left ventricular cavity to estimate neochord lengths and leaflet coaptation (Figure 2). Video 1 depicts that the progressive adjustment of chordal length allows visual appreciation of complete disappearance of regurgitation. Neochordae are deemed appropriate if MR is absent upon visual inspection; excessive traction may lead to posterior leaflet prolapse. Validating the absence of residual MR is required by transesophageal echocardiography once the patient has been weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass.
Video 1.
This video demonstrates the preparation of a multiloop suture for the purpose of papillary muscle relocation (PMR) to treat ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR). Two polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sutures (CV-4 Gore-Tex; WL Gore & Associates Inc, Newark, Del) were tied to the end of a third to form the multiloop. The free ends of the loop were buttressed with a pledget and passed through the fibrous tip of the posteromedial papillary muscle (PPM). Neochordae were passed through P2 and P3 and ring annuloplasty (RA) followed. Valve competency was evaluated by manipulating the free ends of the neochordae while applying a water test. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) validated the quality of the repair. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30387-4/fulltext.
Figure 1.
A multiloop suture constructed from 2 polytetrafluoroethylene sutures (CV-4 Gore-Tex; WL Gore & Associates Inc, Newark, Del) tied to a third, which was passed through a felt pledget.
Figure 2.
A, Diagram of the sagittal view of the multiloop anchored to the posteromedial papillary muscle with neochordae at P2 and P3. B, Superior view.
This technique was performed on 3 patients, all of whom provided informed consent (Table 1); no complications or hospital mortality occurred in this series. At 3 months postoperation, transthoracic echocardiogram revealed good valvular function and no MR recurrence.
Table 1.
Comparison of echocardiographic data from preoperation to follow-up
| Variable | Preoperation | Follow-up |
|---|---|---|
| LVEDV (mL) | 142 ± 70 | 113 ± 37 |
| LVESV (mL) | 73 ± 56 | 56 ± 53 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 60 ± 11 | 60 ± 5 |
| LVESD (mm) | 42 ± 10 | 45 ± 11 |
| LVEF% | 37 ± 10 | 49 ± 26 |
| WMSI | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.6 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. LVEDV, Left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD, Left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; WMSI, wall motion score index.
Discussion
IMR is a consequence of global remodeling of the left ventricle, resulting in annular dilatation and papillary muscle displacement. The most common treatment for IMR is RA, to address dilatation, and concomitant CABG surgery. Several PMR approaches have been introduced as an adjunct to improve long-term IMR outcomes.
We present a novel and simplified PMR technique. Unlike the technique pioneered by and colleagues,4 pledgets are used to alleviate tension caused by the neochords on the ischemic papillary muscle. Multiple sutures can be added to the loop without increasing the number of passes through the muscle, which could predispose it to further ischemia.5 This provides greater flexibility and the possibility of including more sutures for greater stability or redundancy, if necessary. Chordal tension on the PPM is first relieved by RA, followed by relocation to address possible leaflet tethering. A downsized ring is used to minimize the tension required to relocate the PPM. Neochordae are anchored to the annulus in the direction of the jet, where the displacement of the PPM is most dramatic (P2 or P3), to achieve a physiologically consistent relocation. Sutures are marked in sequence and passed through the PPM at an angle and through the annulus at an orientation that avoids potential twisting of the muscle. Biomechanically speaking, this approach has the potential to allow for a more even distribution of tension over a larger surface area of the papillary muscle, as well as over multiple sutures at the level of the neochordae, and can be tailored based on the specific mechanism of MR.
This novel multiloop PMR technique adds further versatility to the original technique. It can be easily included in routine IMR procedures to adjust the subvalvular apparatus, while potentially providing a more durable result. Nevertheless, these preliminary findings warrant further investigation with a larger cohort of patients and longer follow-up to ascertain the benefits in this complex subset of patients.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Dr Bisleri has a relationship as a consultant and as a member of the speaker's bureau for Livanova, Atricure, Medtronic, and Karl Storz. In addition, he as received research funding from Medtronic and Karl Storz, royalties from Karl Storz, and is a shareholder with BizMed Solutions Inc. All other authors reported no conflicts of interest.
The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest.
Supplementary Data
This video demonstrates the preparation of a multiloop suture for the purpose of papillary muscle relocation (PMR) to treat ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR). Two polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sutures (CV-4 Gore-Tex; WL Gore & Associates Inc, Newark, Del) were tied to the end of a third to form the multiloop. The free ends of the loop were buttressed with a pledget and passed through the fibrous tip of the posteromedial papillary muscle (PPM). Neochordae were passed through P2 and P3 and ring annuloplasty (RA) followed. Valve competency was evaluated by manipulating the free ends of the neochordae while applying a water test. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) validated the quality of the repair. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30387-4/fulltext.
References
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Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
This video demonstrates the preparation of a multiloop suture for the purpose of papillary muscle relocation (PMR) to treat ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR). Two polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sutures (CV-4 Gore-Tex; WL Gore & Associates Inc, Newark, Del) were tied to the end of a third to form the multiloop. The free ends of the loop were buttressed with a pledget and passed through the fibrous tip of the posteromedial papillary muscle (PPM). Neochordae were passed through P2 and P3 and ring annuloplasty (RA) followed. Valve competency was evaluated by manipulating the free ends of the neochordae while applying a water test. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) validated the quality of the repair. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30387-4/fulltext.