Table 2.
Selected in vivo or ex vivo studies of the anti-inflammatory activity of phlorotannins extracts and isolated phlorotannins from brown algae.
| Extract/Compound | Model | Conditions | Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cystoseira sedoides | ||||
| EtOH 50% → Fract. PE → DCM → EtOAc | Model 1—XYL-induced mice ear edema Models 2—Carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats |
Model 1—50 and 100 mg EtOAc/kg s.c. 30 min prior to XYL application Model 2—50 and 100 mg EtOAc/kg i.p. 30 min prior to carrageenan application |
Model 1—↓ swelling up to 83% Model 2—↓ swelling up to 81% |
[98] |
| Cladostephus spongiosis | ||||
| EtOH 50% → Fract. PE → DCM → EtOAc | Model 1—XYL-induced mice ear edema Models 2—Carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats |
Model 1—50 and 100 mg EtOAc/kg s.c. 30 min prior to XYL Model 2—50 and 100 mg EtOAc/kg i.p. 30 min prior to carrageenan |
Model 1—↓ swelling up to 69% Model 2—↓ swelling up to 71% |
[98] |
| Padina pavonica | ||||
| EtOH 50% → Fract. PE → DCM → EtOAc | Carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats | 50 and 100 mg EtOAc/kg i.p. 30 min prior to carrageenan | ↓ swelling up to 58% | [98] |
| Sargassum horneri | ||||
| EtOH 70% | OVA + PM-induced lung inflammation in BALB/c mice | 200 and 400 mg extract/kg orally administered before PM | ↓ iNOS and COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, pERK 1/2, p-p38-MAPK and p-JNK; ↑ HO-1 and Nrf-2 | [99] |
| Sargassum sagamianum | ||||
| EtOH 80% | Ear edema in ICR mice | 0–100 µg/mL of extract + 1 μg/mL LPS | ↓ swelling | [92] |
| Sargassum fulvellum | ||||
| EtOH 95% → fract H2O → EtOAc → n-But | UVB-induced BALB/c mice | 3 and 10 μg topically applied in the back 30 min prior to irradiation | EtOAc fraction ↓ NO●, PGE2, TNF-α, COX-2 and iNOS | [94] |
| Myagropsis myagroides | ||||
| EtOH 96% | PMA-induced ear edema in mice | 90 µg topically administered 1 h prior to PMA injection | ↓ swelling in 67% | [100] |
| Ecklonia cava | ||||
| EtOH 70% | Periodontitis-induced Sprague-Dawley rats | 100–400 µg extract/kg/day for 8 weeks | ↓ gene expression IL-1β, MMP-2 and -9 and RANKL/OPG ratio | [83] |
| EtOH 30% → EtOH 95% | LPS-induced septic shock in C57BL/6 mice | 10–100 mg/kg/d orally administered over 7 days before i.p. of LPS (25 mg/kg) | ↓ NO●, PGE2, iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α, HMGB-1, and p-NIK, p-TAK1, p-IKK, p-IκB α, NF-κB-p50 and -p65; ↑ HO-1 and Nrf-2 | [101] |
| Ascophyllum nodosum | ||||
| EtOH 60% → fract → food-grade capsule (101·89 mg TPC) | LPS-induced Human blood ex vivo | Oral administration of a single capsule prior to blood collection | ↓ IL-6 | [102] |
| Isolated compounds | ||||
| 6,6′-Bieckol from Eisenia arborea | AA, TPA, OXA-induced ear edema in ICR mice | Topical application (15 nmol/µL) with each sensitizer | ↓ swelling in 62%, 36% and 59%, respectively | [103] |
| AA, TPA, OXA-induced ear edema | Oral gavage of 75 nmol, 18 h prior to each sensitizer | ↓ swelling 42%, 34% and 18%, respectively | [104] | |
| 6,6′-bieckol from Myagropsis myagroides | PMA-induced ear edema in mice | 30 µg topically administered, 1 h prior to PMA injection | ↓ swelling in 64% | [100] |
| 6,8′-bieckol from Eisenia arborea | AA, TPA, OXA-induced ear edema in ICR mice | Topical application (15 nmol/µL) with each sensitizer | ↓ swelling in 56%, 66% and 78%, respectively | [103] |
| AA, TPA, OXA-induced ear edema | Oral gavage of 75 nmol, 18 h prior to each sensitizer | ↓ swelling 40%, 49% and 78%, respectively | [104] | |
| 8,8′-Bieckol from Eisenia arborea | AA, TPA, OXA-induced ear edema in ICR mice | Topical application (0.01–0.1 mg/mL) with each sensitizer | ↓ swelling up to 80%, 49% and 71%, respectively | [105] |
| AA, TPA, OXA-induced ear edema | Oral gavage of 75 nmol, 18 h prior to each sensitizer | ↓ swelling 21%, 32% and 32%, respectively | [104] | |
| Dieckol from Eisenia bicyclis | Acetic acid-induced ICR mice | 20 µM, 6 h prior to i.p. 0.7% acetic acid | ↓ CAMs and adhesion and migration of leucocytes | [79] |
| Dieckol from Ecklonia cava | γ-radiation induced hepatocytes from Wistar rats | 5–20 µM 1 h prior to irradiation (8 Gy/min) | ↓ NF-kB and COX-2 | [65] |
| CoCl2-induced hepatocytes from ICR mice | 100 µM 30 min prior to CoCl2 stimulation (500 µM) | ↓ COX-2 and p-p38-MAPK | [106] | |
| High glucose-induced zebrafish | 20 µM 16 h prior to glucose | ↓ NO●, iNOS and COX-2 | [35] | |
| UVB-irradiated zebrafish embryos | 50 µM 1 h prior to irradiation (50 mJ/cm2) | ↓ NO● | [107] | |
| Eckol comercial | CCl4-injured livers of Kunming mice | 0.5 and 1.0 mg compound/kg/day orally administered over 7 days before i.p. 0.5% CCl4 | ↓ IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, ↑ IL-10 | [67] |
| Eckol from Ecklonia cava | UVB-irradiated zebrafish embryos | 50 µM 1 h prior to irradiation (50 mJ/cm2) | ↓ NO● | [107] |
| Eckol from Eisenia arborea | AA, TPA, OXA-induced ear edema in ICR mice | Topical application (0.01–0.1 mg/mL) with each sensitizer | ↓ swelling up to 49%, 38% and 65%, respectively | [105] |
| AA, TPA, OXA-induced ear edema | Oral gavage of 75 nmol, 18 h prior to each sensitizer | ↓ swelling 13%, 40% and 19%, respectively | [104] | |
| Eckol from Eisenia bicyclis | Acetic acid-induced ICR mice | 20 µM, 6 h prior to i.p. 0.7% acetic acid | ↓ CAMs and adhesion and migration of leucocytes | [79] |
| Eckstolonol from Ecklonia cava | UVB-irradiated zebrafish embryos | 50 µM 1 h prior to irradiation (50 mJ/cm2) | ↓ NO● | [107] |
| Phlorofucofuroeckol-A from Eisenia arborea | AA, TPA, OXA-induced ear edema in ICR mice | Topical application (0.01–0.1 mg/mL) with each sensitizer | ↓ swelling up to 68%, 44% and 77%, respectively | [105] |
| Pholorofucofuroeckol-A from Eisenia bicyclis | AA, TPA, OXA-induced ear edema | Oral gavage of 75 nmol, 18 h prior to each sensitizer | ↓ swelling 31%, 32% and 23%, respectively | [104] |
| Phlorofucofuroeckol-B from Eisenia arborea | AA, TPA, OXA-induced ear edema in ICR mice | Topical application (0.01–0.1 mg/mL) with each sensitizer | ↓ swelling up to 78%, 56% and 72%, respectively | [105] |
| AA, TPA, OXA-induced ear edema | Oral gavage of 75 nmol, 18 h prior to each sensitizer | ↓ swelling 42%, 38% and 41%, respectively | [104] | |
| Phloroglucinol commercial | Acetic acid-induced ICR mice | 20 µM, 6 h prior to i.p. 0.7% acetic acid | ↓ CAMs and adhesion and migration of leucocytes | [79] |
| Phloroglucinol from Ecklonia cava | UVB-irradiated zebrafish embryos | 50 µM 1 h prior to irradiation (50 mJ/cm2) | ↓ NO● | [107] |
| Triphlorethol A from Ecklonia cava | UVB-irradiated zebrafish embryos | 50 µM, 1 h prior to irradiation (50 mJ/cm2) | ↓ NO● | [107] |
↓—decrease; ↑—increase; DCM—dichloromethane; Ac—acetone; EtOH—ethanol; EtOAc—ethyl acetate; n-But—n-buthanol; PE—petroleum ether; LPS—lipopolysaccharide; AA—arachidonic acid; TPA—12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; OXA—oxazolone; OVA—ovalbumin; PMA—phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; HMGB1—high mobility group protein 1; CAMs—cell adhesion molecules; PGE2—prostaglandin E2; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor α; IL-6—interleukin 6; IL-1β—interleukin 1β; IL-10—interleukin 10NO●—nitric oxide; COX-2—cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS—inducible nitric oxide synthase; MMP—matrix metalloproteinase; p-IKKα/β—phospho-IkB kinase; p-IkBα—phospho nuclear factor kB inhibitor α; NF-kB—nuclear factor kB; p-JNK—phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase; p-ERK1/2—phospho-extracellular signal—regulated kinase 1 and 2; p38-MAPK—p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases; i.p.—intraperitoneal injection; XYL—xylene; PM—particulate matter; s.c.—subcutaniously; Nrf-2—nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO-1—heme oxygenase; RANKL/OPG—receptor activator of NF-κB ligand-osteoprotegerin; p-NIK—phospho-NF-kappa-B-inducing kinase; p-TAK1—phospho-transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1; UVB—ultraviolet-B; CoCl2—cobalt chloride; CCl4—carbon tetrachloride.