Pacemaker-induced superior vena cava syndrome treated by bifurcation venous stenting (digital subtraction angiography).
Central Message.
Endovascular revascularization and venous stenting provides a promising therapeutic option in patients with pacemaker-induced superior vena cava syndrome and severe refractory symptoms.
See Commentary on page 181.
A 66-year-old woman presented with progressive bilateral arm and facial swelling deteriorating during the morning and following forward bending. Patient history revealed pacemaker implantation 12 years earlier for permanent, complete atrioventricular block. Duplex ultrasound demonstrated dilated veins of the arms and neck with absent respiratory flow modulation suggesting central venous obstruction. In the absence of clinical and laboratory signs of pacemaker system infection (ie, normal levels of C-reactive protein, normal leucocyte count, and negative blood cultures), computed tomography angiography revealed a high grade stenosis of the superior vena cava (SVC) and a total occlusion of the left brachiocephalic vein (LBV) along the course of the pacemaker leads (denoted by → and Δ, respectively, in Figure 1, A) confirming the diagnosis of postthrombotic SVC syndrome (SVCS).
Figure 1.
In a 66-year-old woman with progressive bilateral arm and facial swelling following pacemaker implantation 12 years earlier, computed tomography angiography (A) showed a high grade stenosis of the superior vena cava (SVC) (→) and a total occlusion of the left brachiocephalic vein (LBV) along the course of the pacemaker leads (Δ). Venous angiography (B) revealed a prominent collateral flow via the azygos vein system (∗) and a restored venous backflow (C) after successful recanalization with bifurcation venous stenting of the SVC and the LBV. After successful reimplantation of the pacemaker system via the right subclavian vein, computed tomography (D) showed the pacemaker leads passing through the stented segment of the SVC.
For symptom relief, a staged procedure with explantation of the pacemaker system and placement of a temporary pacemaker via the right femoral vein was performed. Secondly, venous angiography was undertaken revealing a severe postthrombotic pathology with prominent collateral flow via the azygos vein system (denoted by asterisk symbol in Figure 1, B, and shown in Videos 1 and 2). Successful recanalization with bifurcation venous stenting of the SVC and LBV was performed. Both lesions were treated utilizing self-expanding nitinol stenting systems. For the SVC, a 20 × 30 mm Sinus XL (Optimed, Ettlingen, Germany) and for the LBV, a 16 × 60 mm Blueflow (Plusmedica, Düsseldorf, Germany) stent were chosen. After stent implantation, bilateral venous backflow (Figure 1, C, and Video 3) was restored completely. One day after the intervention, a conventional dual-chamber pacemaker system providing atrioventricular synchroniziation was reimplanted via the right subclavian vein passing through the vena cava stent (denoted by → in Figure 1, D). Symptoms disappeared immediately, the patient was put on an oral anticoagulation therapy, and discharged 2 days later. In a follow-up visit to our outpatient clinic 3 months postintervention, both clinical symptoms and duplex-ultrasound signs of SVCS continued to be absent. Ethics committee approval for publication of this clinical case was received.
Video 1.
Transfemoral injection confirms high grade superior vena cava stenosis. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30536-8/fulltext.
Video 2.
Venous angiography with injection through the brachial vein reveals total occlusion of the left brachiocephalic vein with prominent collateral flow via the azygos vein system. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30536-8/fulltext.
Video 3.
Restored venous backflow after successful percutaneous intervention. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30536-8/fulltext.
While malignancies account for the majority of SVCS, symptomatic postthrombotic obstruction of the SVC induced by pacemaker leads are rare, with a reported incidence <0.1%.1,2 Although in the upper extremity the ability to develop sufficient venous collaterals is high, yet in some cases severe symptomatic SVCS might develop. Endovascular is the first-line treatment option for SVCS caused by intravenous devices such as pacemaker leads, resulting in primary patency rates of around 70% after 12 months and 50% after 36 months.3 Endovascular revascularization and bifurcation venous stenting therefore provides a promising therapeutic option, especially in such challenging cases.
Footnotes
Disclosures: The authors reported no conflicts of interest.
The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest.
Supplementary Data
Transfemoral injection confirms high grade superior vena cava stenosis. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30536-8/fulltext.
Venous angiography with injection through the brachial vein reveals total occlusion of the left brachiocephalic vein with prominent collateral flow via the azygos vein system. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30536-8/fulltext.
Restored venous backflow after successful percutaneous intervention. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30536-8/fulltext.
References
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Transfemoral injection confirms high grade superior vena cava stenosis. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30536-8/fulltext.
Venous angiography with injection through the brachial vein reveals total occlusion of the left brachiocephalic vein with prominent collateral flow via the azygos vein system. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30536-8/fulltext.
Restored venous backflow after successful percutaneous intervention. Video available at: https://www.jtcvs.org/article/S2666-2507(20)30536-8/fulltext.