Table 2.
Recovery (%) of the most abundant betalain and phenolic compounds in Opuntia stricta var. Dillenii fruit tissues (peel, pulp, and whole fruit). Jam production products (intermediate juice and jam) and by-products (bagasse) during in vitro gastrointestinal static digestion.
| Recovery (%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compound | In Vitro phase | Fresh Whole Fruit (FWF) | Fresh Peel (PE) | Fresh Pulp (PU) | Bagasse By-Product (BA) |
Fresh Pressed Juice (JU) | Jam (JA) |
| BETALAINS | |||||||
| Betanin | Oral | 80.10 ± 2.79 Bc | 101.71 ± 7.59 Ce | 60.58 ± 1.90 Bb | 52.25 ± 1.06 Ba | 99.43 ± 1.52 Bd | n.d. |
| Gastric | 75.16 ± 0.88 Bc | 94.00 ± 1.69 Bd | 57.31 ± 0.27 Cb | 49.87 ± 1.60 Ca | 96.34 ± 2.03 Bd | n.d. | |
| Intestinal | 22.42 ± 1.29 Aab | 42.58 ± 3.35 Ac | 22.95 ± 0.01 Aab | 19.03 ± 1.14 Aa | 28.53 ± 2.19 Ab | n.d. | |
| Isobetanin | Oral | 71.07 ± 3.63 Bc | 166.33± 8.32 Ce | 53.03 ± 2.01 Bb | 33.54 ± 1.27 Ba | 90.98 ± 1.61 Bd | n.d. |
| Gastric | 76.78 ± 0.25 Bc | 104.11 ± 3.27 Be | 60.38 ± 0.18 ab | 52.11 ± 1.99 Ca | 97.22 ± 2.11 Bd | n.d. | |
| Intestinal | 22.85 ± 1.72 Ab | 45.67 ± 1.66 Ac | 23.60 ± 0.06 Ab | 18.52 ± 1.20 Aa | 26.44 ± 2.42 Ab | n.d. | |
| Betanidin | Oral | 155.11 ± 0.02 Be | 78.52 ± 3.93 Cb | 84.72 ± 2.75 Bc | 30.90 ± 0.18 Ba | 109.82 ± 2.50 Bd | n.d. |
| Gastric | 157.49 ± 10.63 Be | 46.49 ± 2.32 Ba | 91.85 ± 1.55 Cb | 45.78 ± 2.22 Ca | 112.93 ± 1.42 Bc | n.d. | |
| Intestinal | 47.06 ± 0.77 Ae | 21.74 ± 1.09 Ab | 36.37 ± 0.35 Ad | 10.38 ± 0.28 Aa | 25.95 ± 3.14 Ac | n.d. | |
| 2′-O-apiosyl-4-O-phyllocactin | Oral | 65.09 ± 4.59 Bd | 149.40 ± 7.49 Cf | 47.00 ± 1.61 Bc | 31.01 ± 0.34 Bb | 103.51 ± 2.11 Ae | 10.38 ± 1.35 Ba |
| Gastric | 65.09± 4.05 Bc | 90.58 ± 0.48 Bd | 50.85 ± 0.01 Cc | 34.61 ± 1.73 Cb | 100.74 ± 2.85 Ad | 16.12 ± 0.88 Ca | |
| Intestinal | 20.42 ± 4.04 Ab | 41.32 ± 0.78 Ac | 5.97 ± 0.30 Aa | 21.94 ± 0.71 Ab | 0 | 0 | |
| Neobetanin | Oral | 67.96 ± 9.33 Bb | 116.94 ± 5.85 Cc | 61.92 ± 6.48 Bb | 41.14 ± 1.63 Ba | 110.47 ± 2.57 Cc | n.d. |
| Gastric | 60.08 ± 9.70 Cbc | 112.27 ± 5.61 Bc | 62.41 ± 4.45 Ba | 48.74 ± 3.13 Ca | 94.78 ± 3.16 Bb | n.d. | |
| Intestinal | 7.63 ± 2.96 Ab | 23.26 ± 1.16 Ac | 26.22 ± 2.90 Ac | 3.08 ± 0.15 Aab | 7.20 ± 0.52 Ab | n.d. | |
| PHENOLICS ACIDS | |||||||
| Piscidic acid | Oral | 70.82 ± 2.74 Bd | 111.92 ± 5.60 Ce | 21.39 ± 0.96 Ba | 44.39 ± 0.87 Bc | 33.80 ± 1.19 Ab | 23.16 ± 2.02 Aa |
| Gastric | 81.49 ± 7.81A Bc | 75.26 ± 2.39 Bc | 19.34 ± 0.74 Ba | 53.09 ± 1.72 Cb | 46.11 ± 0.19 Ab | 33.20 ± 0.79 Bb | |
| Intestinal | 61.35 ± 3.07 Ae | 40.71 ± 2.78 Ad | 7.43 ± 0.35 Ab | 2.03 ± 0.08 Aa | 44.17 ± 1.78 Ad | 18.13 ± 0.97 Ac | |
| FLAVONOIDS | |||||||
| Quercetin glycoside(QG1)—Quercetin hexosyl pentosyl rhamnoside | Oral | 105.65 ± 0.07 Cd | 137.98 ± 6.90 Ce | n.d. | 0 | 63.53 ± 0.44 Bc | 9.86 ± 0.92 Bb |
| Gastric | 90.21 ± 0.84 Bd | 86.35 ± 1.72 Bd | n.d. | 0 | 68.36 ± 2.54 Bc | 14.76 ± 0.80 Cb | |
| Intestinal | 28.33 ± 2.18 Ab | 53.72 ± 5.19 Ad | n.d. | 0 | 45.38 ± 1.78 Ac | 7.15 ± 0.36Aa | |
| Isorhamnetin glucoxyl-rhamnosyl-rhamnoside (IG1) | Oral | 81.74 ± 2.07 Cc | 158.05 ± 7.54 Cd | 0 | n.d. | 68.15 ± 8.04 Bb | 11.39 ± 2.81 Ba |
| Gastric | 64.82 ± 2.28 Bc | 80.77 ± 1.00 Bd | 0 | n.d. | 94.36 ± 0.91 Ce | 16.36 ± 3.49 Bb | |
| Intestinal | 15.27 ± 0.88 Ab | 30.62 ± 0.98 Ac | 0 | n.d. | 29.43 ± 3.51 Ac | 0.00 ± 0.00 Aa | |
| Isorhamnetin glucoxyl-rhamnosyl-pentoside (IG2) | Oral | 75.43 ± 14.17 Bc | 148.28 ± 7.41 Cd | 68.56 ± 12.80 Ac | 35.45 ± 1.44 Bb | 94.44 ± 2.76 Bc | 0.94 ± 0.20 Aa |
| Gastric | 74.74 ± 4.14 Bc | 101.38 ± 0.97 Bd | 136.88 ± 4.33 Be | 56.20 ± 2.75 Cb | 109.25 ± 0.90 Cd | 1.33 ± 0.20 Aa | |
| Intestinal | 20.02 ± 2.95 Ab | 41.40 ± 1.09 Ac | 37.77 ± 1.85 Ac | 18.49 ± 1.85 Ab | 36.33 ± 1.34 Ac | 0.81 ± 0.24 Aa | |
Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 4). This came from obtaining at least two independent extracts (n = 2) and performing the HPLC determinations of each two times (n = 2). Superscript capital letters indicate statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between digestion phases. Superscript small letters indicate statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between tissues, products, and by-products.