Table 3.
Total HMO concentrations (g/L) in human colostrum, transitional, and mature milk from mothers with either positive or unknown secretor status. The concentrations of the HMOs were shown as mean ± standard deviation.
| Reference | # HMOs/Monosaccharide Compositions | Mothers | Colostrum | Transition | Mature | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | Country of Origin | (Day 1–7) | (Day 8–15) | 1 Month | 2 Months | 3 Months | 4 Months | 5 Months | 6 Months | |
| Samuel, 2019 [21] | 20 | Europe (Spain, France, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Romania and Sweden) | 12.5 ± 7.2 | 11.0 ± 6.0 | 9.6 ± 5.1 | 7.6 ± 4.1 | 6.9 ± 3.7 | 6.3 ± 3.4 | ||
| McJarrow, 2019 [23] | 12 | UAE | nr | 8.2 ± 2.4 | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | 3.9 ± 1.4 |
| Huang, 2019 [24] | 15 | China (Beijing) | 9.6 ± 6.1 | 8.4 ± 5.0 | 6.6 ± 4.4 | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr |
| Austin, 2016 [32] 1 | 10 | China (Beijing, Suzhou, Guangzhou) |
5.0 ± 3.6~4.2 ± 2.7 | 3.5 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2.0 | 3.0 ± 2.0 | ||||
| Ma, 2018 [25] | 12 | China (Guangzhou) | nr | 8.5 ± 4.4 | 6.1 ± 3.6 | 5.2 ± 3.1 | 5.4 ± 3.7 | 5.2 ± 3.2 | nr | 4.7 ± 2.9 |
| Ma, 2018 [25] | 12 | Malaysia | 12.5 ± 8.7 | nr | nr | 6.1 ± 3.3 | nr | nr | nr | 5.1 ± 3.2 |
| Nijman, 2018 [26] | 9 | USA | 9.1 ± 0.2 | nr | nr | 6.4 ± 0.29 | nr | nr | nr | nr |
| Elwakiel, 2018 [1] | 14 | China (Hohhot) | 22.4 ± 4.6 | 18.9 ± 3.9 | 14.6 ± 4.3 | 12.4 ± 3.8 | 10.0 ± 3.7 | nr | 7.8 ± 3.0 | nr |
| Elwakiel, 2018 [1] | 14 | The Netherlands | nr | nr | 14.7 ± 5.4 | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr |
| Azad, 2018 [27] | 19 | Canada (Asian and 73% Caucasian) |
nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | 10.3 ± 6.7 | nr | nr |
| Xu, 2017 [29] | 32 | Malawi | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | 6.2 ± 2.0 |
| Xu, 2017 [29] | 32 | USA | nr | 19.6 ± 2.9 | 16.3 ± 2.7 | nr | 10.4 ± 1.4 | 8.6 ± 1.3 | nr | nr |
| Kunz, 2017 [31] | 16 | Spain (Valencia) | 7.5 ± 4.1 | 9.1 ± 3.0 | 8.2 ± 2.8 | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr |
| Thurl, 2017 [2] 2 | 33 | Various | 16.3 ± 12.2 | 17.4 ± 12.2 | 15.1 ± 9.3 | 15.1 ± 12.1 | nr | 13.4 ± 11.5 | nr | nr |
| Spevacek, 2015 [34] | 15 | USA | 13.0 ± 3.9 | 10.7 ± 2.1 | 9.2 ± 2.0 | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr |
| Leo, 2010 [42] 3 | 17 | Samoa | nr | 15.6 ± 8.1 | 10.9 ± 9.7 | nr | ||||
| Thurl, 2010 [43] 3,4 | 20 | Germany | 11.7 | 11.9 | 10.7 | 8.4 | 8.0 | nr | nr | nr |
| Asakuma, 2007 and 2008 [44,45] 2 | 9, 10 | Japan | 10.2 ± 5.5 | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr | nr |
1 Transitional (5–30 days), mature milk (4–8 months). 2 Data compiled by Thurl et al., 2017 [2] from 21 studies, before 2016. 3 Studies compiled by Thurl et al., 2017 [2] but described here as representative of Samoan, German and Japanese populations. 4 Data from pooled milk between 1–5 months; HMOs, human milk oligosaccharides; #, number of HMOs measured; nr, not reported.