Table 1.

Eligible animal models reporting cardiovascular outcomes related to alterations of gut microbiota.

Animal Models	Cardiovascular Outcomes	Programming Mechanisms Related Gut Microbiota	Species/ Gender	Age at Measure	Ref.
Maternal high-fructose diet	Hypertension	Decreased SCFA receptor GPR41 and GPR43 expression	SD rat/M	12 weeks	[34]
Maternal high-fructose diet	Hypertension	Decreased plasma TMA level; reduced phylum Verrucomicrobia and genus Akkermansia abundance	SD rat/M	12 weeks	[35]
Maternal plus post-weaning high-fructose diet	Hypertension	Decreased abundance of genera Bacteroides, Dysgonomonas, and Turicibacter	SD rat/M	12 weeks	[36]
Maternal high-fructose diet and TCDD exposure	Hypertension	Increased abundance of genus Gordonibacter	SD rat/M	12 weeks	[37]
Maternal adenine-induced chronic kidney disease	Hypertension	A decreased α-diversity and an increased F/B ratio; A decreased abundance of the genus Bifidobacterium	SD rat/M	12 weeks	[38]
Maternal minocycline administration	Hypertension	An increase F/B ratio, and decreased genera Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, and Odoribacter abundance	SD rat/M	12 weeks	[39]
Maternal ADMA and TMAO exposure	Hypertension	Decreased abundance of family Erysipelotrichaceae			[40]
Maternal hypertension	Hypertension	An increased abundance of the genera Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Turicibacter, and Akkermansia	SHR/M	12 weeks	[41]
Maternal hypertension	Hypertension	An increased F/B ratio	SHR/M	12 weeks	[42]
Maternal high-fat diet	Obesity and insulin resistance	Decreased gut microbiota richness	C57BL/6J mouse/M and F	12 weeks	[43]
Maternal high-fat diet	Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	Decreased α-diversity	C57BL/6J mouse/M and F	17 weeks	[44]
Maternal high-fat and high-cholesterol diet	Hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, increased lipid profile and insulin resistance	Decreased α-diversity	Wistar rat/M	90 days	[45]
Maternal plus post-weaning high-fat diet	Hypertension	An increased F/B ratio; a reduction of genera Lactobacillus and Akkermansia	SD rat/M	16 weeks	[46,47]
Maternal L-NAME administration plus post-weaning high-fat diet	Hypertension	An increased F/B ratio	SD rat/M	16 weeks	[48]
Maternal Western-style diet	Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	An increase in abundance of genus Ruminococcus	C57BL/6J mouse/M	20 weeks	[49]
Maternal dyslipidemia	Hypertension and increased lipid profile	A decrease of genera Lactobacillus	Wistar rat/M and F	24 weeks	[50]
Prenatal androgen exposure	Hypertension, decreased heart rate, obesity, and increased thickness of left ventricle	An increased abundance of bacteria associated with production of SCFAs.	Wistar rat/F	4 months	[51]

Studies tabulated according to animal models, and age at measure; SD rats—Sprague-Dawley rats; SHR—spontaneously hypertensive rat; M—male; F—female; TCDD—2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; ADMA—asymmetric dimethylarginine; TMAO—trimethylamine N-oxide; L-NAME—N^G-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester; F/B ratio—Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio.