Table 4.
Sleep and psychological characteristics of participants during 4 weeks of time-restricted eating.
| Total (n = 33) |
Weight Loss (n = 23) |
Weight Gain (n = 10) |
p 1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep hours | ||||
| Wake-up time 2 (hh:mm) | 9:33 ± 2:03 | 9:32 ± 2:04 | 9:35 ± 2:01 | 0.2350 |
| Bedtime (hh:mm) | 2:08 ± 1:48 | 2:14 ± 1:55 | 1:52 ± 1:30 | 0.1253 |
| Sleep duration (h) | 7.4 ± 0.8 | 7.3 ± 0.8 | 7.7 ± 0.7 | 0.2172 |
| Chronotype (n, (%)) | 0.2494 | |||
| Morning type | 6(18.2) | 5(21.7) | 1(10.0) | |
| Evening type | 18(54.6) | 13(56.5) | 5(50.0) | |
| No matter | 9(27.3) | 5(21.7) | 4(40.0) | |
| Sleep quality (n, (%)) | 0.2186 | |||
| Very good | 5(15.2) | 4(17.4) | 1(10.0) | |
| Fairly good | 17(51.5) | 13(56.5) | 4(40.0) | |
| Fairly bad | 11(33.3) | 6(26.1) | 5(50.0) | |
| Time taken to fall asleep (n, (%)) | 0.8202 | |||
| ≤15 min | 7(21.2) | 5(21.7) | 2(20.0) | |
| 16–30 min | 8(24.2) | 5(21.7) | 3(30.0) | |
| 31–60 min | 14(42.4) | 10(43.5) | 4(40.0) | |
| ≥60 min | 4(12.1) | 3(13.0) | 1(10.0) | |
| Cannot get to sleep within 30 min (n, (%)) | 0.7297 | |||
| None | 5(15.2) | 5(21.7) | 0(0.0) | |
| <Once a week | 10(30.3) | 4(17.4) | 6(60.0) | |
| Once or twice a week | 9(27.3) | 7(30.4) | 2(20.0) | |
| Three or more times a week | 9(27.3) | 7(30.4) | 2(20.0) | |
| Psychological measures | ||||
| Self-esteem stability | 27.0 ± 7.4 | 26.0 ± 8.1 | 29.3 ± 5.3 | 0.3564 |
| Emotional responsivity | 21.0 ± 13.5 | 22.5 ± 13.4 | 17.5 ± 13.8 | 0.2720 |
| Emotional sensitivity | 9.9 ± 6.7 | 11.1 ± 6.9 | 7.0 ± 5.6 | 0.0676 |
| Emotional intensity | 7.2 ± 5.3 | 7.1 ± 5.0 | 7.2 ± 6.2 | 0.7979 |
| Emotional persistence | 3.9 ± 2.8 | 4.2 ± 2.9 | 3.3 ± 2.7 | 0.4169 |
1 p-values were calculated using Wilcoxon tests. 2 Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).