Table 5.
Meal frequency and meal proportions in 4 weeks of time-restricted eating.
| Total (n = 33) |
Weight Loss (n = 23) |
Weight Gain (n = 10) |
p 1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daily eating occasion 2 | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 0.9531 |
| Meal frequency | ||||
| Breakfast (No. over 28 days) | 3.6 ± 8.2 | 3.9 ± 8.7 | 2.9 ± 7.5 | 0.7500 |
| Lunch (No. over 28 days) | 24.6 ± 3.8 | 24.8 ± 3.8 | 24.2 ± 3.9 | 0.6610 |
| Dinner (No. over 28 days) | 22.3 ± 8.2 | 21.0 ± 9.4 | 25.2 ± 3.3 | 0.3117 |
| Snack (No. over 28 days) | 21.2 ± 7.7 | 21.7 ± 7.4 | 19.8 ± 8.6 | 0.7825 |
| Meal proportion (nutrient intake per meal) | ||||
| Breakfast | ||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 72.8 ± 180.2 | 71.9 ± 163.9 | 75.0 ± 222.9 | 0.6659 |
| Energy (% of daily energy intake) | 4.5 ± 10.9 | 4.7 ± 10.9 | 4.1 ± 11.5 | 0.6990 |
| Carbohydrate (%) | 2.8 ± 8.3 | 3.7 ± 9.7 | 0.8 ± 2.6 | 0.5721 |
| Sugar (%) | 0.3 ± 0.9 | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.8089 |
| Protein (%) | 0.7 ± 1.9 | 0.6 ± 1.7 | 0.7 ± 2.3 | 0.7064 |
| Fat (%) | 1.5 ± 4.3 | 1.3 ± 3.4 | 1.9 ± 6.0 | 0.7064 |
| Saturated fat (%) | 0.5 ± 1.5 | 0.5 ± 1.3 | 0.6 ± 1.8 | 0.6603 |
| Lunch | ||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 588.2 ± 177.2 | 583.9 ± 171.5 | 598.1 ± 199.1 | 0.9844 |
| Energy (% of daily energy intake) | 39.2 ± 9.4 | 40.4 ± 9.9 | 36.6 ± 7.7 | 0.3372 |
| Carbohydrate (%) | 19.9 ± 15.9 | 19.6 ± 16.7 | 20.5 ± 14.5 | 0.6521 |
| Sugar (%) | 3.7 ± 3.9 | 3.9 ± 4.1 | 3.3 ± 3.7 | 0.7687 |
| Protein (%) | 7.3 ± 5.5 | 6.7 ± 5.9 | 8.7 ± 4.6 | 0.2812 |
| Fat (%) | 11.2 ± 11.4 | 10.1 ± 12.5 | 13.5 ± 8.5 | 0.0883 |
| Saturated fat (%) | 3.3 ± 3.8 | 2.9 ± 4.1 | 4.0 ± 2.7 | 0.1039 |
| Dinner | ||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 592.1 ± 251.5 | 547.2 ± 266.7 | 695.3 ± 184.5 | 0.1040 |
| Energy (% of daily energy intake) | 37.6 ± 15.3 | 35.7 ± 16.5 | 42.0 ± 11.6 | 0.3997 |
| Carbohydrate (%) | 23.7 ± 20.2 | 25.0 ± 22.6 | 20.9 ± 13.7 | 0.9219 |
| Sugar (%) | 5.3 ± 9.1 | 4.9 ± 10.4 | 6.0 ± 5.4 | 0.2634 |
| Protein (%) | 6.7 ± 4.4 | 6.4 ± 4.8 | 7.4 ± 3.7 | 0.4923 |
| Fat (%) | 12.9 ± 10.4 | 11.7 ± 11.5 | 15.7 ± 7.0 | 0.2022 |
| Saturated fat (%) | 4.0 ± 3.3 | 3.1 ± 3.2 | 6.0 ± 2.5 | 0.0241 * |
| Snack | ||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 274.0 ± 168.1 | 277.2 ± 167.5 | 266.6 ± 178.3 | 0.7392 |
| Energy (% of daily energy intake) | 18.5 ± 11.9 | 19.1 ± 11.9 | 17.0 ± 12.3 | 0.4449 |
| Carbohydrate (%) | 7.4 ± 8.8 | 7.8 ± 9.5 | 6.3 ± 7.3 | 0.7380 |
| Sugar (%) | 3.1 ± 4.0 | 3.0 ± 4.3 | 3.3 ± 3.3 | 0.6778 |
| Protein (%) | 1.4 ± 1.7 | 1.4 ± 1.8 | 1.3 ± 1.7 | 0.6932 |
| Fat (%) | 4.6 ± 5.4 | 5.7 ± 5.8 | 2.2 ± 3.3 | 0.3353 |
| Saturated fat (%) | 1.8 ± 2.3 | 2.1 ± 2.5 | 1.0 ± 1.4 | 0.6018 |
1 p-values were calculated via Wilcoxon analysis. 2 Daily eating occasions were counted from 0 to 7 occasions including breakfast, lunch, dinner, and a light snack before breakfast, a morning snack, an afternoon snack, or a late snack.