Table 1.
General characteristics of the studies included in meta-analysis of fish intake and risk of CVD mortality.
| Author Name, Year, Country | Age Range/Mean Age (y) |
Follow-Up Duration | Number of Cases/Size | Gender | Quantile | Adjusted RR (95% CI) |
Quality Score |
Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mohan 2021, Asia, Africa, America, Europe and Oceania [40] | 54.1 | 7.5 | 6502/191,454 | M/F | 4 | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) |
6 | Age, sex, study center, BMI, educational level, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, urban or rural location, history of diabetes, cancer, use of statin or antihypertension medications, and intake of fruit, vegetables, red meat, poultry, dairy, and total energy |
| Kobayashi 2019, Japan [13] | 45–74 | 14.9 | 2942/79,904 | M/F | 5 | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) | 9 | Age, area, BMI, alcohol intake total energy intake, coffee intake, green tea intake, smoking status, physical activity, occupation type, solitude and other food group |
| Kondo 2019, Japan [15] | 30–79 | 29 | 1070/9115 | M/F | 3 | 0.72 (0.57–0.91) |
8 | Age, sex, smoking status, drinking status, and total energy intake |
| Van den brandt 2019, The Netherlands [16] | 55–69 | 10 | 2985/120,852 | M/F | 4 | 1.45 (1.20–1.74) |
9 | Age at baseline, sex, cigarette smoking status, number of cigarettes smoked per day, years of smoking, diabetes, body height, non-occupational physical activity, highest level of education, intake of alcohol, vegetables and fruit, use of nutritional supplements and, in women, postmenopausal HRT |
| Deng 2018, USA [14] | ≥18 | 18 | 326/1136 | M/F | 3 | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) |
7 | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, family income, the type of residential area, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and the history of cardiovascular disease assessed at the baseline survey, and the years of using insulin as the indicator of diabetes severity |
| Hengeveld 2018, The Netherlands [17] | 20–70 | 18 | 540/34,033 | M/F | 3 | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) |
9 | Age, sex, physical activity, smoking status, education level, BMI, alcohol intake, total energy intake, intakes of saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, fruit, vegetables, and dietary fiber |
| Zhang 2018, USA [18] | 50–71 | 16 | 14824/240,729 | M/F | 5 | 0.9 (0.86–0.94) | 8 | Age, BMI, race, education, marital status, smoking, alcohol, intake of total energy, red meat, saturated fat, vegetables and fruits, multi-vitamin use, aspirin use, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of high cholesterol level |
| Bellavia 2017, Sweden [23] | 45–83 | 17 | 5039/72,522 | M/F | 5 | 0.95 (0.94–0.95) |
9 | BMI, total physical activity, smoking status and pack-years of smoking, alcohol consumption, educational level (primary school, secondary school or university), total energy intake, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, processed red meat consumption and non-processed red meat consumption |
| Nahab 2016, USA [24] | ≥40 | 5.1 | 582/16,479 | M/F | 4 | 1.46 (0.87–2.45) |
7 | Age, race, region, sex, income, education, exercise, smoking status, Mediterranean diet score, regular aspirin use, total energy intake (kcald−1), current use of hypertensive medication, diabetes status, systolic blood pressure, BMI and dyslipidaemia |
| Owen 2016, Australia [25] | ≥25 | 9.7 | 277/11,247 | M/F | 4 | 0.66 (0.46–0.96) | 7 | Age, previous CVD, education, exercise, diabetes, total dietary energy and smoking |
| Eguchi 2014, Japan [26] | 40–79 | 19.3 | 2412/42,946 | M/F | 2 | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) | 8 | Age, body mass index, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, education level, regular employment, perceived mental stress, and 7 health behaviors |
| Takata 2013, China [27] | 40–74 | 8.7 | 1789/134,296 | M/F | 5 | 0.86 (0.70–1.05) |
6 | Age at baseline, total energy intake, income, occupation, education, comorbidity index, physical activity level, red meat intake, poultry intake, total vegetable intake, total fruit intake, smoking history, and alcohol consumption |
| Tomasallo 2010, USA [28] | 45.8 | 12 | 44/1367 | M/F | 3 | 0.45 (0.21–0.99) | 7 | Age, sex, body mass index, and income at study baseline |
| Yamagishi 2008, Japan [29] | 40–79 | 12.7 | 2045/57,972 | M/F | 5 | 0.82 (0.71–0.95) | 7 | Age, gender, history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, mental stress, walking, sports, education levels, total energy, and dietary intakes of cholesterol, saturated and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vegetables, and fruit |
| Folsom 2004, USA [30] | 55–69 | 14 | 1589/41,836 | F | 5 | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | 7 | Age, energy intake, educational level, physical activity level, alcohol consumption, smoking status, pack-years of cigarette smoking, age at first livebirth, estrogen use, vitamin use, body mass index, waist/hip ratio, diabetes, hypertension, intake of whole grains, fruit and vegetables, red meat, cholesterol, and saturated fat |
| Gillum 2000, USA [31] | 25–74 | 18.8 | --/8825 | M/F | 4 | 1.01 (0.81–1.25) | 9 | Age, smoking, history of diabetes, education, high school graduate, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol concentration, body mass index, alcohol intake, and physical activity |
| Albert 1998 [32] | 40–84 | 11 | 548/20,551 | M | 5 | 0.81 (0.49–1.33) | 8 | Age, aspirin and beta carotene treatment assignment, evidence of cardiovascular disease, prior to 12-month questionnaire, body mass index, smoking status, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, alcohol consumption, vigorous exercise, and vitamin E, vitamin C, and multivitamin use |
| Daviglus 1997 [33] | 40–55 | 30 | 573/2107 | M | 4 | 0.74 (0.52–1.06) | 8 | Age, education, religion, systolic pressure, serum cholesterol, number of cigarettes smoked per day, body-mass index, presence or absence of diabetes, presence or absence of electrocardiographic abnormalities, daily intake of energy, cholesterol, saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, total protein, carbohydrate, alcohol, iron, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, beta carotene, and retinol |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; HRT, hormone replacement therapy.