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Caffeine modulates adenosine receptors expression. Cells were pre-treated with caffeine (1 mM) for 1 h, then stimulated with LPS (100 ng/mL) for the indicated time. The relative gene expression of adenosine receptors (AR2a, AR2b, and AR3). Cyclophilin (Cyclo) was used as reference gene to normalize the gene expression. All results are shown as means ± SEM. (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
