Table 4.

Dietary factors associated with an increased risk of SHPT.

Dietary Factors	Potential Effect on Bone and Mineral Metabolism
High protein intake	Increased IGF-I and osteocalcin
High dietary acid load	Increased urinary calcium excretion
Low calcium intake	Increased 1,25(OH)2D3 and PTH
Insufficient vitamin D supplementation	Reduced renal reabsorption and intestinal uptake of calcium
Low fruits and vegetables intake	Potential decrease in BMD
Low magnesium intake	Potential osteopenia and negative calcium balance
Higher phosphate intake	Increased FGF23 and PTH