Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for patients with COPD without evidence of HF, possible HF and newly diagnosed HF
| COPD patients without evidence of HF | COPD patients with possible HF | COPD patients with diagnosed HF | COPD patients without evidence of HF | COPD patients with possible HF | COPD patients with diagnosed HF | ||
| Number of patients (N) | 60 047 | 8476 | 2066 | Exacerbation history* | 1.52 (0–15) | 2.17 (0–13) | 2.70 (0–14) |
| Female | 27 155 (45.2) | 4247 (50.1) | 743 (36.0) | COPD medications* | |||
| SABA/SAMA | 37 990 (63.3) | 6222 (73.4) | 1489 (72.1) | ||||
| Age, years (IQR) | 66 (59, 74) | 73 (66, 80) | 74 (67, 81) | LABA alone | 1453 (2.4) | 250 (3.0) | 31 (1.5) |
| LAMA alone | 4744 (7.9) | 537 (6.3) | 163 (7.9) | ||||
| Smoking status | ICS alone | 5969 (9.9) | 947 (11.2) | 92 (4.5) | |||
| Current Smoker | 26 291 (43.8) | 2566 (30.3) | 497 (24.1) | LABA+LAMA | 631 (1.1) | 81 (1.0) | 29 (1.4) |
| Former Smoker | 33 756 (56.2) | 5910 (69.7) | 1569 (75.9) | LABA+ICS | 14 685 (24.5) | 2435 (28.7) | 476 (23.0) |
| LAMA+ICS | 1121 (1.9) | 206 (2.4) | 27 (1.3) | ||||
| Body mass index | Triple | 10 239 (17.1) | 1925 (22.7) | 823 (39.8) | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 3295 (5.49) | 356 (4.20) | 113 (5.47) | No long-acting inhaler | 21 205 (35.3) | 2095 (24.7) | 425 (20.6) |
| Healthy weight (18.5–24.9) | 21 463 (35.7) | 2253 (26.6) | 640 (31.0) | ||||
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 18 982 (31.6) | 2339 (27.6) | 595 (28.8) | History of cardiovascular disease† | 29 504 (49.1) | 6527 (77.0) | 1687 (81.7) |
| Obese (≥30) | 14 581 (24.3) | 3183 (37.6) | 667 (32.3) | Atrial fibrillation | 2120 (3.5) | 999 (11.8) | 671 (32.5) |
| Missing data | 1726 (2.9) | 345 (4.1) | 51 (2.5) | Hypertension | 24 759 (41.2) | 5474 (64.6) | 1033 (50.0) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 7343 (12.2) | 2231 (26.3) | 838 (40.6) | ||||
| Index of Multiple Deprivation | Peripheral artery disease | 3023 (5.0) | 654 (7.7) | 222 (10.8) | |||
| 1: Most deprived | 8581 (14.3) | 1144 (13.5) | 268 (13.0) | Stroke | 3195 (5.3) | 788 (9.3) | 231 (11.2) |
| 2 | 11 540 (19.2) | 1718 (20.3) | 403 (19.5) | ||||
| 3 | 11 698 (19.5) | 1613 (19.0) | 406 (19.7) | Diabetes mellitus | 5794 (9.7) | 1358 (16.0) | 459 (22.2) |
| 4 | 13 978 (23.3) | 1972 (23.3) | 473 (22.9) | ||||
| 5: Least deprived | 14 250 (23.7) | 2029 (23.9) | 516 (25.0) | CVD medications* | |||
| ACEi | 9789 (16.3) | 2446 (28.7) | 1230 (59.5) | ||||
| GOLD Stage | ARB | 3538 (5.9) | 900 (10.6) | 332 (16.1) | |||
| 1: Mild | 23 860 (39.7) | 2998 (35.4) | 703 (34.0) | Beta-blockers | 4491 (7.5) | 1007 (11.9) | 737 (35.7) |
| 2: Moderate | 15 336 (25.5) | 1762 (20.8) | 486 (23.5) | Calcium channel blockers | 5054 (8.4) | 1464 (17.3) | 329 (15.9) |
| 3: Severe | 7767 (12.9) | 1449 (17.1) | 426 (20.6) | MRA | 248 (0.4) | 276 (3.3) | 479 (23.2) |
| 4: Very Severe | 1776 (3.0) | 401 (4.7) | 166 (8.0) | Statins | 17 000 (28.3) | 3499 (41.3) | 1152 (55.8) |
| Missing | 11 308 (18.8) | 1866 (22.0) | 285 (13.8) | Vasodilators | 3504 (5.8) | 1257 (14.8) | 320 (15.5) |
Severity of airflow limitation using the GOLD guidelines.1
*At least two prescriptions >15 days apart in the year prior to the start of follow-up.
†Prior diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease, peripheral artery disease, atrial fibrillation, hypertension and/or stroke.
‡Average number of exacerbations per patient (range) in the year prior to the start of follow-up.
ACEi, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BB, beta-blockers; CCB, calcium channel blockers; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; HF, heart failure; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting beta agonists; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonists; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; SABA, short-acting beta agonists; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonists.