An abdominal mass with thrombosis due to inferior vena cava agenesis mimicking lymphoma

Dear Editor,

A 34-year-old male presented with a 1-week history of low back pain and diffuse abdominal pain without associated symptoms. He had an active lifestyle including bicycle racing. The patient’s medical history was unremarkable. He had not been vaccinated with a COVID-19 vaccine. Physical examination revealed no abnormalities except for diffuse abdominal tenderness. Temperature was 38.4 °C (101.1 °F) with normal remaining vital signs. Laboratory tests showed the values of hemoglobin 11.4 g/dL, platelets 327 × 10⁹/L, and leukocytes 8.7 × 10⁹/L with normal differentiation. C-reactive protein was 109 mg per liter (reference range < 10). Liver enzymes (including lactate dehydrogenase) and renal function were within normal ranges. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed an aortocaval soft tissue mass of 8 × 5 cm (Fig. 1, panel a, arrows) resembling lymphoma with obliteration of the inferior vena cava. Also, both extensive vascular collaterals and thrombosis were found. Due to the presence of thrombosis, the patient received fraxiparine at a dose of 15.200 IE s.c. daily. Histopathology (measured twice) of the retroperitoneal mass documented atypical chronic fibrosis with neither malignancy nor lymphoma. The treatment was complicated by a psoas muscle hematoma after which the fraxiparine was switched to rivaroxaban 10 mg daily.

Fig. 1.

A Computed tomography (CT) scan shows an abdominal mass (arrows). B CT scan shows extensive vascular collaterals (arrows) and an absent inferior vena cava (arrow head)

Surprisingly, no retroperitoneal mass was found on a CT scan, 4 months later (Fig. 1, panel b). The vascular collaterals remained clearly visible (Fig. 1, panel b, arrows) with an absent inferior vena cava (Fig. 1, panel b, arrow head). All these findings were consistent with a diagnosis of agenesis of the infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC).

The etiology by which central vein obstruction occurs can be classified as thrombotic and those that are non-thrombotic. Thrombotic etiologies include inherited thrombophilia, acquired hypercoagulable conditions, immobilization, recent surgery, and testicular tumors. Non-thrombotic obstruction can be categorized into extrinsic (e.g., compression by a tumor, cyst, or aneurysm) and intrinsic causes (e.g., intraluminal device). Although rare, agenesis of the IVC has been reported previously [1–5].

Agenesis of the IVC (IVCA), a type of IVC anomaly, is estimated to occur in 0.0005–1% of the general population [6]. The embryologic development of the infrarenal IVC is complex deriving from supracardinal veins approximately 6 weeks after conception. It is interesting that our patient presented with thrombosis at the age of 34 years without a history of thrombosis. In a report of 10 patients with IVCA [7], venous thrombosis followed intense physical activity in 8 patients, as was the case in our patient who was active in bicycle racing. We hypothesize that the collaterals (who developed before the venous thrombosis) were unable to assure the increased blood flow due to major physical activity, thereby generating venous stasis and thrombosis.

Due to inadequate drainage of venous blood, IVCA is a risk factor for deep venous thrombosis (DVT). In young (< 40 years old) patients with IVCA, the rate of DVT is relatively high (5%) compared to that of the same patients without IVCA (0.5%) [8]. In a study of 97 patients with DVT, a total of 31 patients showed thrombotic occlusion of iliac veins. Five of the 31 patients had an anomaly of the IVC of which only one patient had IVCA [9].

IVCA is a rare but important congenital condition that predisposes to thrombosis. This diagnosis should be considered in the young especially in active male patients presenting with a clinical picture similar to that of the inherited thrombophilias.

Author contribution

MW and HJB performed the research. MW, RV, FSK, and HJB analyzed the data and wrote the paper. HJB supervised the study.

Data availability

Data available on request from the authors.

Code availability

Not applicable.

Declarations

Ethical approval

All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from the participants included in the study.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.