“Pulmonary target sign” as a diagnostic feature in chest computed tomography of COVID-19

Abstract

BACKGROUND

In chest computed tomography (CT) scan, bilateral peripheral multifocal ground-glass opacities, linear opacities, reversed halo sign, and crazy-paving pattern are suggestive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in clinically suspicious cases, but they are not specific for the diagnosis, as other viral pneumonias, like influenza and some viral pneumonia may show similar imaging findings.

AIM

To find a specific imaging feature of the disease would be a welcome guide in diagnosis and management of challenging cases.

METHODS

Chest CT imaging findings of 650 patients admitted to a university Hospital in Tehran, Iran between January 2020 and July 2020 with confirmed COVID-19 infection by RT-PCR were reviewed by two expert radiologists. In addition to common non-specific imaging findings of COVID-19 pneumonia, radiologic characteristics of “pulmonary target sign” (PTS) were assessed. PTS is defined as a circular appearance of non-involved pulmonary parenchyma, which encompass a central hyperdense dot surrounded by ground-glass or alveolar opacities.

RESULTS

PTS were presented in 32 cases (frequency 4.9%). The location of the lesions in 31 of the 32 cases (96.8%) was peripheral, while 4 of the 31 cases had lesions both peripherally and centrally. In 25 cases, the lesions were located near the pleural surface and considered pleural based and half of the lesions (at least one lesion) were in the lower segments and lobes of the lungs. 22 cases had multiple lesions with a > 68% frequency. More than 87% of cases had an adjacent bronchovascular bundle. Ground-glass opacities were detectable adjacent or close to the lesions in 30 cases (93%) and only in 7 cases (21%) was consolidation adjacent to the lesions.

CONCLUSION

Although it is not frequent in COVID-19, familiarity with this feature may help radiologists and physicians distinguish the disease from other viral and non-infectious pneumonias in challenging cases.

Core Tip: In this report, a new diagnostic imaging sign in chest computed tomography of coronavirus disease 2019 cases, the “pulmonary target sign”, is reported and its characteristics are described. Previous reports are limited to a small number of case reports and this appearance is not fully described.

INTRODUCTION

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the seventh member of the non-segmented, enveloped, and positive-sense-RNA Coronaviridae family, which causes acute respiratory illness. This new coronavirus was first detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It has since rapidly spread throughout the world and was recognized as a global health emergency[1,2]. COVID-19 presents as a wide spectrum of clinical pictures, from asymptomatic or mild flu-like illness to severe respiratory infection and even death[3,4].

A definitive diagnosis of COVID-19 mainly relies on RT-PCR testing in suspected cases. Chest computed tomography (CT) also has an undeniable importance in the diagnostic management of COVID-19 due to its high sensitivity and widespread availability[5]. The most common radiologic findings of COVID-19 are bilateral, peripheral, multifocal ground-glass opacities (GGO) and consolidations, linear opacities, reversed halo sign, and crazy-paving pattern[4,6]. These findings are highly suggestive, but not specific, for the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection, as other viral pneumonias, like influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome and middle east respiratory syndrome, may show similar imaging findings[7,8]. Therefore, finding a specific and unique imaging feature of the disease in chest CT of patients with COVID-19 could be extremely helpful in the diagnostic work-up of these patients by limiting the differential diagnosis.

Some relatively specific features of the disease in chest CT have been discussed in the literature, including the “parallel pleural sign”, “rings of Saturn appearance” and, recently, the “pulmonary target sign (PTS)”[9,10]. The latter imaging finding seems to be more specific for the disease. It was initially reported by Jafari et al[11] and Shaghaghi et al[12] as a hyperattenuating ring surrounding a dense central dot, mimicking a target sign. This was termed a “target-shaped combined halo and reversed-halo sign” and “rings of Saturn”[11,12]. One month later, a similar pattern, named “chest target sign”, was reported by McLaren et al[13] called “Bulls eye sign”. Subsequently, de Farias et al[14] and Müller et al[15] also reported this imaging feature and its variants. Recently, Jafari et al[16] reported four cases of “PTS”. In this contribution, we review chest CT images of 32 cases of PTS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study design

Chest CT imaging findings of 650 patients admitted to a university Hospital in Tehran, Iran with confirmed COVID-19 infection by RT-PCR between January 2020 and July 2020 were reviewed by two expert radiologists.

Imaging protocol

All chest CT scan were obtained using a 16-row detector CT scanner (GE, optima, United States). Based on protocol of COVID-19 low-dose thoracic CT scan, the following items were considered: Tube voltage, 120 kVp; mAs, 30; slice thickness, 2.5 mm; reconstruction interval, 1.25 mm; rotation time, 0.5 s; pitch, 0.984; beam collimation, 40.

Chest CT interpretation

In addition to common non-specific imaging findings of COVID-19 pneumonia, radiologic characteristics of PTS will be presented. This chest CT sign of the disease as a circular appearance of non-involved pulmonary parenchyma with a central hyperdense dot, which is surrounded by ground glass or alveolar opacities, resembling a shooting target.

RESULTS

Of the 650 patients reviewed, 32 cases of PTS were found (4.9% prevalence). The location of the lesions in 31 of the 32 cases was peripheral, while 4 of the 31 cases had lesions both peripherally and centrally. Only one case had an isolated central lesion mimicking a solitary pulmonary nodule (Figures 1 and 2A).

Figure 1.

“Pulmonary target sign” in 4 different cases varies according to the location of the lesions. A and B: Peripheral location; C and D: Central location.

Figure 2.

Variants of “pulmonary target sign” in 4 different cases. A: “Pulmonary target sign” (PTS) similar to a solitary pulmonary nodule; B: “Rings of Saturn” as a variant of PTS; C and D: PTS with parallel pleural sign.

The typical shape of PTS was seen in 31 cases, while 1 case had a PTS variant with double peripheral dense rings, which was previously named “rings of Saturn” (see Figure 2).

In 25 cases, the lesions (at least one if there were multiple) were located near the pleural surface and considered pleural based (see Figure 3). Half of the lesions (at least one lesion) were in the lower segments and lobes of the lungs (see Figure 4).

Figure 3.

“Pulmonary target sign” in 4 different patients. A and B: “Pulmonary target sign” (PTS) as a pleural based lesion; C: PTS with incomplete peripheral ring; D: Complete peripheral ring.

Figure 4.

“Pulmonary target sign” in 4 different individuals. A, B and C: Basal location of “pulmonary target sign”; D: Apical location.

More than 87% of cases had an adjacent bronchovascular bundle (BVB). This characteristic was reported when a dense branching linear structure was approaching the lesion (see Figure 5).

Figure 5.

“Pulmonary target sign” in 4 different cases. “Pulmonary target sign” along with a broncho-vascular bundle.

Of the 32 cases, 22 had multiple lesions with a > 68% frequency (see Figure 6). GGOs were detectable adjacent or close to the lesions in 30 cases (93%) and only in 7 cases (21%) was consolidation adjacent to the lesions, Figure 7.

Figure 6.

Laterality of “pulmonary target sign” in 4 different cases. A and B: Multiple unilateral “pulmonary target sign”; C: bilateral lesions; D: Solitary lesion.

Figure 7.

Correlation of “pulmonary target sign” with adjacent ground-glass opacities or consolidation. A: Circular adjacent ground-glass opacities (GGO); B and C: Patchy adjacent GGO; D: adjacent patchy consolidation.

8 cases showed pulmonary complications of COVID-19, including pneumothorax (1 case) and pleural effusion (7 cases/21%). Three cases (9%) showed parallel pleural sign and 6 cases (18%) showed fibrotic bands (see Figure 8). The characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

Figure 8.

“Pulmonary target sign” with coronavirus disease 2019 complications. A: Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum; B: Pleural effusion; C: Pleural thickening; D: Fibrotic band.

Table 1.

Cases characteristics

Characteristics of PTS	Number (32 cases)	Frequency (4.9%)
Only peripheral	31	96.8%
Both central and peripheral	4	12.5%
Age (mean ± SD)	53.1 ± 13.4	-
Gender (male)	28	87.5%
Along with BVB	28	87.5%
Pleura-based1	25	78.1%
Adjacent GGO	30	93.7%
Adjacent consolidation	7	21.8%
Basal lobes and segments2	16	50.0%
Multiple	22	68.7%

¹Pleura based or close to pleural surface.

²If only one of multiple lesions present at lower segments and lobes, considered positive.

BVB: Bronchovascular bundle; GGO: Ground-glass opacities; PTS: Pulmonary target sign.

DISCUSSION

Regarding the descriptive findings and characteristics of PTS lesions, they tend to be multiple lesions, located in the periphery, and located adjacent to a BVB and GGOs. They are uncommonly seen centrally or basally or with adjoining consolidation. Due to a low frequency of fibrotic bands as a marker of healing and concomitant complications, such as pleural effusion, it seems that PTS appear at early phases.

In such contagious and life-threatening infections as COVID-19, having a consistent and reliable diagnostic and screening tool is vital. Currently, CT, with its high sensitivity and specificity, is one of the most valuable screening and diagnostic tools[17,18]. Although commonly reported findings in COVID-19 CT scans are not specific for a diagnosis of COVID-19 vs other viral pneumonias, some recently reported specific features of the disease, like PTS, can be helpful for this aim.

It is important to know the difference between PTS and the Atoll sign. An Atoll sign has central opacities consisting of GGO, while PTS has a central dot which can represent a filled bronchiole or vessel. Moreover, it was previously noted that “the crescentic appearance of the reversed halo sign is typical on CT whereas the target sign has a polygonal appearance peripherally”[19]. This feature has been frequently reported as Atoll sign, which may be due to the unfamiliarity with this sign among physicians and radiologists[20-22]. For differentiation, it was described that “the peripheral wall of the CT target sign has a polygonal appearance in most patients”, in contrast to the constellation of the reverse halo sign[19].

Generally, diffuse subpleural and peripheral ill-defined GGO with air-bronchograms, adjacent pleural thickening and septal or interlobular thickening were reported as the imaging hallmark of the novel coronavirus, while hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy, pleural effusion, pulmonary nodules and cavitations are unusual findings[2].

In our contribution, we present 32 PCR confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection with specific findings on their chest CT. As mentioned previously, in addition to common findings of COVID-19 infection, their chest CT revealed a circular appearance of non-involved pulmonary parenchyma, which encompassed a central hyperdense dot surrounded by ground-glass or alveolar opacities. This represents a unique finding that has never been reported in any other disease. We hypothesize that this appearance is due to a pattern of lobar involvement of COVID-19 via bronchiolar and venolymphaticdrainage[11,23]. Interstitial pneumonitis and subsequent organizing pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage were reported in the advanced phase of the disease[19,24]. Therefore, the PTS feature will likely develop when the venolymphatic drainage system is subject to a considerable load of fluid entrapment, as in the case of alveolar wall injury and bronchial occlusion by this secretion (central dot) secondary to COVID-19.

CONCLUSION

We present specific, unique chest CT imaging features in 32 confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection. Although these findings are not observed in all patients with this disease and it is uncommon (about 5% frequency), we believe PTS to be a specific finding which can distinguish COVID-19 pneumonia from other similar viral pneumonias. However, due to the only recent recognition of this feature and the scarcity of reported cases, it is not yet clear whether PTS is seen only in COVID-19 or will also be observed in other viral pneumonias with similar pathophysiology.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Chest computed tomography scan findings like bilateral ground glass opacities and consolidations are commonly used as distinguishing features in the differential diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, a problem in diagnosis arises when other viral or atypical pneumonia infections are suspected, as they may present similarly.

Research motivation

Pulmonary target sign (PTS) is a feature of COVID-19 that has been recently suggested as an atypical presentation of pulmonary involvement and may be used to distinguish COVID-19 from other similar pneumonia infections.

Research objectives

In this paper, the PTS and its characteristics were assessed among COVID-19 confirmed patients.

Research methods

Among all cases of COVID-19 that were referred to a tertiary medical center in Tehran, Iran, chest CT scan findings of 650 serologically positive cases of COVID-19 were evaluated for PTS and its characteristics.

Research results

32 individuals with at least one PTS in their CT scan were identified in which most of the PTSs were multiple in number, in a peripheral location, and near a bronchovascular bundle.

Research conclusions

The PTS has a frequency of about 5% and specific characteristics that may make it useful in the prompt diagnosis of COVID-19.

Research perspectives

The relationship between the presence of the PTS and the prognosis of COVID-19 still needs to be elucidated. Additionally, the mechanisms behind the pathogenesis and the timeline of PTS progression are suggested areas of research for future studies.

Data sharing statement

No additional data are available.