Table 5.
Associations of Factor 4 with adiposity and metabolic risk biomarkers from T1 (age 6–14 years) through T2 (age 12–19 years) among EPOCH participants
| Variable | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% Cl) | P | β (95% Cl) | P | β (95% Cl) | P | |
| Boys (n = 295) | ||||||
| Adiposity | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.22 (−0.18, 0.62) | 0.29 | 0.23 (−0.17, 0.62) | 0.27 | 0.21 (−0.19, 0.62) | 0.30 |
| BMI z scorea | 0.09 (−0.01, 0.18) | 0.07 | 0.09 (0.00, 0.18) | 0.06 | 0.09 (−0.01, 0.18) | 0.08 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.42 (−0.61, 1.44) | 0.42 | 0.43 (−0.60, 1.46) | 0.41 | 0.41 (−0.64, 1.45) | 0.45 |
| Skinfold sum (mm)b | 1.21 (−0.85,3.27) | 0.25 | 1.22 (−0.84, 3.29) | 0.24 | 1.03 (−1.08,3.13) | 0.34 |
| SAT fat area (mm2) | 4.21 (−6.81, 15.22) | 0.45 | 4.56 (−6.38, 15.50) | 0.41 | 4.28 (−6.90, 15.45) | 0.45 |
| VAT fat area (mm2) | 0.87 (−0.82, 2.57) | 0.31 | 0.84 (−0.87, 2.55) | 0.34 | 0.74 (−1.01, 2.49) | 0.40 |
| Metabolic biomarkers | ||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | 0.11 | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) | 0.13 | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.00) | 0.09 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l) | 2.13 (−2.19, 6.44) | 0.33 | 2.26 (−2.00, 6.52) | 0.30 | 2.09 (−2.29, 6.46) | 0.35 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.03 (−0.12, 0.18) | 0.71 | 0.03 (−0.11,0.18) | 0.65 | 0.03 (−0.12, 0.18) | 0.73 |
| Leptin (nmol/l) | 1.22 (−0.85,3.28) | 0.25 | 1.21 (−0.85, 3.27) | 0.25 | 1.06 (−1.06,3.19) | 0.32 |
| Adiponectin (^.mol/l) | −1.03 (−3.79, 1.72) | 0.46 | −1.03 (−3.79, 1.74) | 0.46 | −1.23 (−4.06, 1.60) | 0.39 |
| Girls (n = 297) | ||||||
| Adiposity | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.65 (0.31,0.99) | 0.0002*† | 0.65 (0.32, 0.99) | 0.0002*† | 0.64 (0.31,0.98) | 0.0002*† |
| BMI z scorea | 0.17 (0.08, 0.26) | 0.0001*† | 0.17 (0.09, 0.25) | <0.0001*† | 0.17 (0.08, 0.25) | 0.0001*† |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 1.66 (0.86, 2.45) | <0.0001*† | 1.67 (0.88, 2.45) | <0.0001*† | 1.63 (0.85, 2.41) | <0.0001*† |
| Skinfold sum (mm)b | 4.02 (2.33, 5.70) | <0.0001*† | 4.02 (2.34, 5.70) | <0.0001*† | 4.06 (2.38, 5.75) | <0.0001*† |
| SAT fat area (mm2) | 16.22 (8.00, 24.44) | 0.0001*† | 16.23 (8.03, 24.44) | 0.0001*† | 16.27 (8.21, 24.74) | 0.0001*† |
| VAT fat area (mm2) | 2.22 (0.85, 3.58) | 0.002*† | 2.21 (0.84, 3.58) | 0.002*† | 2.17 (0.78, 3.56) | 0.002*† |
| Metabolic biomarkers | ||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0.99 | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0.99 | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0.80 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l) | 8.75 (4.97, 12.53) | <0.0001*† | 8.83 (5.17, 12.49) | <0.0001*† | 8.83 (5.07, 12.59) | <0.0001*† |
| HOMA-IR | 0.27 (0.13, 0.41) | 0.0002*† | 0.27 (0.13, 0.41) | 0.0002*† | 0.28 (0.13, 0.43) | 0.0003*† |
| Leptin (nmol/l) | 4.54 (1.96, 7.11) | 0.0006*† | 4.57 (2.02, 7.11) | 0.0005*† | 4.73 (2.15, 7.31) | 0.0004*† |
| Adiponectin (^.mol/l) | −4.00 (−6.76, -1.23) | 0.005* | −4.03 (−6.80, -1.26) | 0.005* | −3.80 (−6.64, -0.96) | 0.009* |
Data are shown as β (95% CI) for Factor 4 at T1 with health outcomes from T1 to T2
Model 1: adjusted for age and race/ethnicity
Model 2: Model 1 + pubertal status (based on pubic hair development in boys and breast development in girls)
Model 3: Model 2 + physical activity (mean METs/day over a 3-day period) + total energy intake (kJ/day)
Age- and sex-specific z score according to the WHO Growth Reference for children aged 5–19 years [37]
Sum of the subscapular, suprailiac and tricep skinfold thicknesses
Significant at α = 0.05;
Significant after Bonferroni correction (boys and girls were analysed separately within each model;
α < 0.05/20 = 0.003)