Abstract
Introduction
Specific immunoglobulins E (sIgE) are important parameters to estimate severity of allergic diseases.
Aim
To determine the relationship between the concentration of sIgE antibodies in serum and clinical outcome of allergic diseases.
Material and methods
The concentration of sIgE antibodies against allergens Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat dander, Timothy grass, Alternaria alternata were determined in serum of 4077 respondents randomly selected from 9 regions (ECAP study). Positive results of sIgE (≥ 0.35 IU/ml) were correlated with answers in ECRHSII and ISAAC questionnaires.
Results
IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents aged over 4 years when they had their first attack of asthma (cat dander p < 0.05, Timothy grass p < 0.05). IgE antibodies are less frequently detected in respondents aged over 29 years when they had the first allergic rhinitis symptoms as compared to respondents aged 0–19 years when they had the first allergic rhinitis symptoms (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Among respondents showing allergic rhinitis symptoms, IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents showing those symptoms from May to August (p < 0.05 to p < 0.005).
Conclusions
The first attack of asthma appears later mainly in patients whose immune systems are more strongly stimulated by allergens. Development of allergic rhinitis in patients aged over 29 years presumably needs weaker stimulation of their immune systems by allergens than in patients aged 0–19 years. Stimulation of an immune system by different types of allergens modifies its response in such a way that seasonal (late spring and summer) factors increase probability of allergic rhinitis symptoms.
Keywords: specific IgE, asthma, allergic rhinitis, epidemiology, ECAP
Introduction
Epidemiological studies from the last decades demonstrate an increase in the incidents of allergic rhinitis and asthma [1]. They are currently the diseases of a major prevalence and morbidity rate for people less than 30 years old, suffering from non-infections chronic diseases [2–5]. Identifying the factors responsible for allergic rhinitis and asthma has been an aim of many studies. A broad survey called Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) proved epidemiology significance of allergic rhinitis and asthma in Poland and great diversity of allergy risk factors, sensitization to inhalation allergens among them [6-9]. Determination of specific IgE in serum of the respondents, the most reliable method to evaluate allergic hypersensitivity [10, 11], has been the continuation of the ECAP study [12].
Aim
Aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum and clinical outcome of allergic diseases.
Material and methods
The quantitative data presented in the article were collected as part of the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) project and its continuation. The ECAP comprised two main phases: (i) a questionnaire-based study (Computer-Assisted Personal Interview, CAPI); (ii) a complementary clinical assessment (spirometry with bronchodilator challenge, skin-prick tests, peak nasal inspiratory flow, and blood sampling for genetic and immune tests). Eighteen thousand six hundred and seventeen individuals from 8 cities (with a population in excess of 150 000) and one rural region took part in the study (phase one). The sample was drawn (by a stratified cluster sampling method) from a personal identity number (PESEL) database (maintained by the Minister of Interior and Administration). Four thousand seven hundred eighty-three respondents were randomly selected and examined by allergists (phase two of the study). Blood from 4077 respondents was collected, the concentration of IgE antibodies against allergens d1 (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), e1 (cat dander), g6 (Timothy grass), m6 (Alternaria alternata) was determined in serum, using the reference method CAP (Phadia reagents, UniCAP 100 laboratory system). The concentration of IgE antibodies of at least 0.35 IU/ml (classes 1–6) was considered positive. The IgE-determined respondents included 2223 females and 1854 males. 1026 respondents were aged 6–7 years, 1053 respondents were aged 13–14 years, 1898 respondents were adults. An exact methodology of the ECAP survey is described at www.ecap.pl [12] and in the Polish Journal of Allergology [13].
The results of IgE antibodies determination were correlated to answers to these questions:
How old were you when you had your first attack of asthma?
How old were you when you had your most recent attack of asthma?
Have you had an attack of asthma in the last 12 months?
How many attacks of asthma have you had in the last 12 months?
How old were you when you first had hay fever or nasal allergy?
In which months of the year did a problem with sneezing or a runny or blocked nose occur when you did not have a cold or flu in the last 12 months?
Have you ever had anaphylactic shock not caused by food allergy or drugs?
Do you get angioneurotic oedema (swelling of e.g. hands or lips)?
The study was approved by the institutional Bioethics Committee.
The study was performed as part of the research grant from the National Science Centre (Poland), 2011/01/B/NZ7/05289.
Statistical analysis
The aim of the statistical analysis was to compare proportions of people with a high level of immunoglobulin in two groups. The classical approximate test for comparison of two proportions was applied [14]. If calculated p-value was smaller than 0.05, the statistically significant difference between investigated proportions was recognised. Otherwise, the fractions of people with a high level of immunoglobulin in investigated groups may be treated as similar. Calculations were performed using the statistical package Statistica (Statistica, Tulsa, Oklahoma, US).
Results
IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents aged over 4 years when they had their first attack of asthma (“0–4 years” versus “over 4 years”: D. pteronyssinus p < 0.1, cat dander p < 0.05, Timothy grass p < 0.05) (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Percentage of respondents with sIgE concentration ≥ 0.35 IU/ml (classes 1–6) in comparison to early and late first attack of asthma (0-4 years, over 4 years). Serum of respondents aged 6–7 years, 13–14 years, 20–44 years
IgE antibodies are less frequently detected in respondents aged over 29 years when they had their first allergic rhinitis symptoms as compared to respondents aged 0-19 years when they had the first allergic rhinitis symptoms (Figure 2). Relating to all allergens, numerous statistically differences were identified (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001), comparing groups aged 0–4 years, 5–9 years, 10–14 years, 15–19 years to a group aged over 29 years.
Figure 2.
Percentage of respondents with sIgE concentration ≥ 0.35 IU/ml (classes 1-6) in comparison to age of the first allergic rhinitis symptoms (declaration based on the questionnaire). Serum of respondents aged 6–7 years, 13–14 years, 20–44 years
Among respondents showing allergic rhinitis symptoms in the last 12 months, IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents showing those symptoms from May to August (D. pteronyssinus: June p < 0.05, July p < 0.01, August p < 0.1; cat dander: May p < 0.005, June p < 0.001, July p < 0.001, August p < 0.005; Timothy grass: May p < 0.001, June p < 0.001, July p < 0.001, August p < 0.001; A. alternata: June p < 0.05, July p < 0.001, August p < 0.05) (Table 1, Figure 3).
Table 1.
Number (percentage) of respondents with sIgE concentration ≥ 0.35 IU/ml (classes 1–6) among respondents showing allergic rhinitis symptoms in the last 12 months (May–August)
| Month | Respondents’ sIgE against | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D. pteronyssinus (d1) | Cat dander (e1) | Timothy grass (g6) | A. alternata (m6) | N (100%) | |
| May (yes) | 207 (23.2%) | 112 (12.5%) | 229 (25.6%) | 55 (6.2%) | 894 |
| May (no) | 129 (21.2%) | 46 (7.6%) | 91 (15.0%) | 30 (4.9%) | 608 |
| June (yes) | 193 (25.0%) | 105 (13.6%) | 239 (31.0%) | 54 (7.0%) | 771 |
| June (no) | 143 (19.6%) | 53 (7.3%) | 81 (11.1%) | 31 (4.2%) | 731 |
| July (yes) | 166 (25.7%) | 97 (15.0%) | 204 (31.6%) | 53 (8.2%) | 647 |
| July (no) | 170 (19.9%) | 61 (7.1%) | 116 (13.6%) | 32 (3.7%) | 855 |
| August (yes) | 138 (25.1%) | 74 (13.5%) | 144 (26.2%) | 41 (7.5%) | 550 |
| August (no) | 198 (20.8%) | 84 (8.8%) | 176 (18.5%) | 44 (4.6%) | 952 |
Bold indicates the statistical significant difference.
Figure 3.
Percentage of respondents with sIgE concentration ≥ 0.35 IU/ml (classes 1–6) among respondents showing allergic rhinitis symptoms in the last 12 months
Among respondents showing allergic rhinitis symptoms in the last 12 months, relating to an allergen Timothy grass, IgE antibodies are less frequently detected in respondents showing those symptoms from September to March (January p < 0.001, February p < 0.001, March p < 0.001, September p < 0.05, October p < 0.001, November p < 0.001, December p < 0.001) (Table 2, Figure 3).
Table 2.
Number (percentage) of respondents with sIgE concentration ≥ 0.35 IU/ml (classes 1–6) among respondents showing allergic rhinitis symptoms in the last 12 months (January–April and September–December)
| Month | Respondents’ sIgE against | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D. pteronyssinus (d1) | Cat dander (e1) | Timothy grass (g6) | A. alternata (m6) | N (100%) | |
| January (yes) | 104 (25.3%) | 55 (13.4%) | 55 (13.4%) | 21 (5.1%) | 411 |
| January (no) | 232 (21.3%) | 103 (9.4%) | 265 (24.3%) | 64 (5.9%) | 1091 |
| February (yes) | 106 (24.4%) | 61 (14.1%) | 64 (14.8%) | 24 (5.5%) | 434 |
| February (no) | 230 (21.5%) | 97 (9.1%) | 256 (24.0%) | 61 (5.7%) | 1068 |
| March (yes) | 134 (21.7%) | 70 (11.3%) | 93 (15.1%) | 31 (5.0%) | 618 |
| March (no) | 202 (22.9%) | 88 (10.0%) | 227 (25.7%) | 54 (6.1%) | 884 |
| April (yes) | 179 (22.8%) | 91 (11.6%) | 155 (19.8%) | 45 (5.7%) | 784 |
| April (no) | 157 (21.9%) | 67 (9.3%) | 165 (23.0%) | 40 (5.6%) | 718 |
| September (yes) | 138 (24.0%) | 74 (12.9%) | 106 (18.5%) | 33 (5.8%) | 574 |
| September (no) | 198 (21.3%) | 84 (9.1%) | 214 (23.1%) | 52 (5.6%) | 928 |
| October (yes) | 141 (24.1%) | 61 (10.5%) | 77 (13.2%) | 23 (3.9%) | 584 |
| October (no) | 195 (21.2%) | 97 (10.6%) | 243 (26.5%) | 62 (6.8%) | 918 |
| November (yes) | 118 (22.7%) | 59 (11.3%) | 64 (12.3%) | 17 (3.3%) | 521 |
| November (no) | 218 (22.2%) | 99 (10.1%) | 256 (26.1%) | 68 (6.9%) | 981 |
| December (yes) | 104 (23.7%) | 60 (13.7%) | 58 (13.2%) | 20 (4.6%) | 439 |
| December (no) | 232 (21.8%) | 98 (9.2%) | 262 (24.7%) | 65 (6.1%) | 1063 |
Discussion
A broad ECAP survey proved epidemiological significance of allergic rhinitis and asthma in Poland and great diversity of allergy risk factors. Determination of specific IgE in serum of the respondents, the most reliable method to evaluate allergic hypersensitivity, has been the continuation of ECAP. The aim of the study described in this article was to determine the relationship between the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum and clinical outcome of allergic diseases.
IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents aged over 4 years when they had their first attack of asthma. This results, most likely, from a greater tendency to develop asthma as clinical outcome of allergic disease, in the first years of human life. The first attack of asthma appears later mainly in patients whose immune systems are more strongly stimulated by allergens (increased production of specific IgE) – obviously if the allergy also appears later in life. In a study by Antó et al., atopy was found to increase the risk of new-onset asthma in middle-aged adults; among the atopics, total IgE and sensitization to cat were independently related to the risk of new-onset asthma [15]. In a study by Jaakkola et al., atopy as a risk factor for asthma is less common with increasing age [16]. One of the possible explanations for the result (respondents aged over 4 years) is that allergens might have, within the first year of life,a productive effect pn asthma [17-18]. On the other hand, IgE antibodies are less frequently detected in respondents aged over 29 years when they had the first allergic rhinitis symptoms as compared to respondents aged 0–19 years when they had the first allergic rhinitis symptoms, Development of allergic rhinitis in patients aged over 29 years presumably needs weaker stimulation of their immune systems by allergens than in patients aged 0–19 years. In a study by Ciprandi et al., elderly allergic rhinitis patients seem to have a different phenotype/endotype in comparison with adult allergic rhinitis ones, characterized by milder symptoms, lower IgE production, and less sensitizations [19]. Among respondents showing allergic rhinitis symptoms in the last 12 months, IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents showing those symptoms from May to August. Stimulation of an immune system by different types of allergens modifies its response in such a way that seasonal (late spring and summer) factors, most probably pollen allergens, increases probability of allergic rhinitis symptoms. In a study by Zolkipli et al., allergen immunotherapy significantly reduced sensitization to other allergens [20]. A series of studies evidenced that allergen-specific immunotherapy, with one or two allergen extracts, may be effective in polysensitized patients [21]. Among respondents showing allergic rhinitis symptoms in the last 12 months, IgE antibodies against Timothy grass are less frequently detected in respondents showing those symptoms from September to March. The expected relationship between the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum and clinical outcomes of allergic rhinitis reflects time limited influence of the allergen on respondents. In a study by Rolinck-Werninghaus et al., baseline specific grass pollen IgE is associated with.symptom severity during the pollen season in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis [22].
Conclusions
The first attack of asthma appears later mainly in patients whose immune systems are more strongly stimulated by allergens. Development of allergic rhinitis in patients aged over 29 years presumably needs weaker stimulation of their immune systems by allergens than in patients aged 0–19 years. Stimulation of an immune system by different types of allergens modifies its response in such a way that seasonal (late spring and summer) factors, most probably pollen allergens, increases probability of allergic rhinitis symptoms.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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