Skip to main content
Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2019 Apr;33(4):507–510. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201811057

急性腕舟骨骨折的诊断治疗研究进展

Advances in diagnosis and treatment of acute scaphoid fractures

Chenguang YANG 1, Liang CHEN 1,*, Shaonan HU 1
PMCID: PMC8337181  PMID: 30983203

Abstract

Objective

To review the advances in diagnosis and treatment of acute scaphoid fractures.

Methods

The characteristic, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of acute scaphoid fractures were reviewed and summarized.

Results

As one of the common fracture in hand, scaphoid fractures are generally classified as either undisplaced and stable or displaced and unstable. CT and MRI has best diagnostic specificity and sensitivity respectively. Most undisplaced and stable fractures can be treated successfully by plaster immobilization, whereas the displaced and unstable fractures have great prognosis after open reduction and internal fixation.

Conclusion

Acute scaphoid fractures should be diagnosed and treated at an early stage, and choose the appropriate treatment according to the location and stability of the fracture.

Keywords: Acute scaphoid fracture, imaging diagnosis, treatment advance


腕舟骨是近排腕骨最重要的组成部分,参与腕部几乎所有活动,对维持腕部稳定具有重要作用[1]。腕舟骨骨折占所有手部骨折的 10%[2],最易发生于青年男性。急性腕舟骨骨折发生后若未及时诊治,舟骨不愈合风险将会增高[3]。腕舟骨骨折的分型、诊断和治疗策略,一直是学科内的研究热点,但仍有许多患者因各种原因漏诊或延误治疗。了解腕舟骨骨折的特点及诊治原则,是实现其正确诊治的必要条件。本文将就腕舟骨骨折的特点及分型、诊断、治疗原则研究进展进行综述。

1. 腕舟骨骨折的特点及分型

腕舟骨的解剖复杂,其体积小、曲面多、关节韧带丰富,给影像学诊断和手术造成一定困难。腕舟骨腰部、远极、近极骨折发生率分别为 70%、20%、5%,因近极血供脆弱,腕舟骨近极骨折后发生不愈合、骨坏死的概率最高[4]。目前常用的分型包括根据骨折稳定性的 Herbert 分型,根据骨折线远近位置的 Mayo 分型,以及根据骨折线方向的 Russe 分型。在第 13 版《坎贝尔骨科手术学》中,David 将腕舟骨骨折分为无移位稳定性骨折及有移位不稳定性骨折,不稳定性是指在 X 线片上显示月头角>15°、骨折间隙>1 mm 或舟月角>45°[5];而近极骨折、伴腕骨脱位等特殊骨折常被认为是不稳定的[6]

2. 腕舟骨骨折的影像学诊断

研究表明,男性、运动伤、舟骨结节压痛、鼻烟窝压痛并腕尺侧偏移,是腕舟骨骨折的独立预测因素,但即使合并 3 项指标也只能诊断 40% 的腕舟骨骨折[7]。且鼻烟窝压痛在诊断腕舟骨骨折时敏感度虽达到 87%~100%[8],但特异性却很低[9]。因此,急性腕舟骨骨折的临床确诊仍依赖于影像学检查。对于急性腕舟骨骨折,早期诊断有助于防止舟骨不愈合的发生,必须重视影像学在急性腕舟骨诊断中的作用[10]。目前,常用的影像学诊断方式包括 X 线片、CT、MRI、核素骨显像等。

2.1. X 线片

X 线片是诊断急性腕舟骨骨折常用的检查方式[11],但也一直存在争议。研究显示,即使多角度摄片,X 线片在诊断急性腕舟骨骨折时仍存在较高漏诊率[8]。临床虽常在初次 X 线片结果阴性后 6 周复查 X 线片,但仍有高达 30% 的骨折会被遗漏[12]。Temple 等[13]认为,移位<1 mm 的腕舟骨骨折很难在 X 线下诊断,常无法发现移位的存在。虽然通过专业培训和使用更高端的摄片及阅片设备,能够提高诊断的准确性[14],但对于临床疑似、X 线片无法确诊或显示阴性的急性腕舟骨骨折,仍应早期行 CT 或 MRI 进一步检查。

2.2. CT

CT 的灵敏度为 85%~95%,虽低于 MRI(100%),但特异性较 MRI 更高,达到 95%~100%,且能定位腕舟骨骨折的部位、判断移位程度,是评价骨折稳定性的关键[15]。因此,CT 被认为是腕舟骨骨折诊断及评估的金标准[11]。在进行 CT 或 MRI 扫描时,斜矢状位和斜冠状位扫描能更准确地判断腕舟骨骨折[15]。也有观点认为,矢状位 0.5~1 mm 的断层扫描是检查腕舟骨骨折的最佳方式[16]

2.3. MRI

MRI 对诊断腕舟骨骨折具有高敏感性和特异性,几乎可发现所有腕舟骨骨折[17]。虽然目前 MRI 在腕舟骨骨折检查中的成像序列并未达成共识[18],诊断的假阳性率达 12%,区分骨挫伤和皮质损伤的能力也较差,可能会使部分患者过度治疗[19];但诊断骨挫伤和非移位性骨折,MRI 可能较 CT 更优,且对于腕舟骨近极骨折,增强 MRI 还可以评价骨块活力[15]。因此,对于症状体征疑似但 X 线片、CT 都无法确诊的患者,可行 MRI 进一步诊断。

2.4. 核素骨显像

核素骨显像虽然具有很高的敏感性,但特异性却很低。作为一种侵入性检查方式,也不适合儿童等特殊人群[20]。有研究认为早期使用核素骨显像,并不能减少隐匿性腕舟骨骨折患者保守治疗的时间[21],且空间分辨率较低,目前核素骨显像已不常用于腕舟骨骨折的诊断[22]

3. 腕舟骨骨折的治疗

3.1. 保守治疗

对于隐匿及稳定性腕舟骨骨折患者,早期石膏固定常能获得满意疗效。研究显示,石膏固定治疗无移位或小移位的急性腕舟骨骨折,愈合率可达 98%[23]。Dias 等[4]认为,即使是移位>1.5 mm 的腕舟骨腰部骨折,石膏固定 6~10 周后也能获得愈合。对于石膏的种类及固定的平面,目前尚无统一意见。既往常使用长臂石膏可获得满意愈合,但 Doornberg 等[24]进行 meta 分析后发现,短臂石膏在愈合率、愈合时间、并发症发生率及握力恢复上与长臂石膏无异。另外,虽然 Buijze 等[23]认为拇指是否固定对患者的预后无显著影响,但 David[5]主张短臂石膏的远端应固定于拇指甲根和近端掌横纹处。

对于石膏固定的时间也存在争议。既往研究认为,急性无移位型腕舟骨腰部骨折需固定 9~12 周[25];但另有研究显示,石膏固定 7 周后,CT 上即显示愈合[26]。Dias 等[4]也认为,石膏固定 4~6 周后,腕舟骨腰部稳定性骨折患者的愈合率就能达到 90%~95%。但对于糖尿病、延迟诊断等具有不愈合风险的患者,需要适当延长固定时间[27]

对于无移位或小移位的急性腕舟骨骨折,选择手术还是保守治疗意见不一[28]。Al-Ajmi 等[29]进行 meta 分析后认为,切开复位内固定或经皮内固定治疗无移位或小移位的患者,疗效优于保守治疗。使用微创螺钉经皮固定,也可能让患者更快恢复正常生活[30]。但 Clementson 等[31]发现,手术虽能短期改善患者运动功能,但将大大增加远期舟月关节炎的发生率。Ibrahim 等[32]也认为,手术不仅显著增加了并发症发生率,其最终结果与保守治疗亦无差异。

脉冲超声、脉冲磁场等物理疗法也曾被认为在急性腕舟骨骨折治疗中具有疗效[33]。但最近 Hannemann 等[34]在对 102 例急性腕舟骨骨折患者评估后认为,对于保守治疗的急性腕舟骨骨折患者,脉冲磁场治疗并不会加速其骨折愈合。

3.2. 手术治疗

对于腕舟骨远端斜形、舟骨腰部移位型等移位严重的骨折类型,因存在较高的畸形及不愈合风险,常首选手术治疗[35]。腕舟骨骨折的治疗术式较多,包括背侧顺行固定、掌侧逆行固定、经皮(背侧)固定、关节镜下辅助固定等[36]。研究认为,为避免损伤近极血供,除近极骨折采用背侧入路外,其余部位皆从掌侧进行手术[37]

不论移位与否,所有腕舟骨近极骨折都是不稳定的,首选背侧入路切开复位内固定治疗[15]。Rettig 等[38]研究认为,对于无关节韧带损伤的急性腕舟骨近极骨折,使用无头加压螺钉和石膏固定,愈合率可达 100%。Brogan 等[39]同样提出,急性舟骨近极骨折行早期固定可获得满意疗效,但若骨块移位严重或伴周围损伤,需延长固定时间并密切观察。对于无法使用传统螺钉固定的小骨块,可使用小直径窄螺距的螺钉固定[40]。而对只带有部分骨质的近极骨块,有研究者使用软骨钉固定,疗效也较满意[41]。但最近有研究认为,任何腕舟骨近极的固定技术都会造成韧带损伤,甚至发生背侧插入节段不稳定畸形 [42]。因此,处理腕舟骨近极骨折时,应尽可能细致操作并使用精巧的固定装置,以减少不必要的损伤。

对于严重暴力后出现的经舟骨月骨周围骨折脱位,治疗方式存在争议。虽有研究者采取闭合复位内固定获得了满意疗效[43],但有学者认为闭合复位对恢复腕骨间正常解剖并不可靠,预后不理想[44]。因此,早期行切开复位内固定并行韧带修复可能是更谨慎的选择[45]。最近也有研究提出,关节镜辅助下的复位内固定较切开复位内固定效果更佳[46]

4. 总结与展望

急性腕舟骨骨折最常发生于舟骨腰部,其近极骨折发生率虽较低,但通常认为是不稳定的。对于稳定或隐匿性骨折,采用拇指固定的短臂石膏 2~3 个月多可获得愈合;而对于不稳定性腕舟骨骨折,切开复位内固定疗效确切。但目前临床对于急性腕舟骨骨折的分型诊断标准及相应手术方式的选择还有较大争议,因此有关腕舟骨形态及生物力学的进一步研究,将有助于建立公认统一的诊断治疗标准。

References

  • 1.Berger RA The anatomy of the scaphoid. Hand Clin. 2001;17(4):525–532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Duckworth AD, Jenkins PJ, Aitken SA, et al Scaphoid fracture epidemiology. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2011;72(2):E41–45. doi: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31822458e8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Dy CJ, Kazmers NH, Baty J, et al An epidemiologic perspective on scaphoid fracture treatment and frequency of nonunion surgery in the USA. HSS J. 2018;14(3):245–250. doi: 10.1007/s11420-018-9619-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Dias J, Kantharuban S Treatment of scaphoid fractures: european approaches. Hand Clin. 2017;33(3):501–509. doi: 10.1016/j.hcl.2017.04.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.David C Campbell’s Operative Orthopaedics. 13th edition. Canada: Elsevier Health Sciences. 2017:3491–3492. [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Herbert TJ, Fisher WE Management of the fractured scaphoid using a new bone screw. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1983;66(1):114–123. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.66B1.6693468. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Duckworth AD, Buijze GA, Moran M, et al Predictors of fracture following suspected injury to the scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2012;94(7):961–968. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.94B7.28704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Mallee WH, Henny EP, van Dijk CN, et al Clinical diagnostic evaluation for scaphoid fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hand Surg (Am) 2014;39(9):1683–1691. e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.06.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Parvizi J, Wayman J, Kelly P, et al Combining the clinical signs improves diagnosis of scaphoid fractures a prospective study with follow-up. J Hand Surg (Br) 1998;23(3):324–327. doi: 10.1016/S0266-7681(98)80050-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Geoghegan JM, Woodruff MJ, Bhatia R, et al Undisplaced scaphoid waist fractures: is 4 weeks’ immobilisation in a below-elbow cast sufficient if a week 4 CT scan suggests fracture union? J Hand Surg (Eur Vol) 2009;34(5):631–637. doi: 10.1177/1753193409105189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Arsalan-Werner A, Sauerbier M, Mehling IM Current concepts for the treatment of acute scaphoid fractures. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2016;42(1):3–10. doi: 10.1007/s00068-015-0587-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Lozano-Calderón S, Blazar P, Zurakowski D, et al Diagnosis of scaphoid fracture displacement with radiography and computed tomography. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2006;88(12):2695–2703. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.E.01211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Temple CL, Ross DC, Bennett JD, et al Comparison of sagittal computed tomography and plain film radiography in a scaphoid fracture model. J Hand Surg (Am) 2005;30(3):534–542. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2005.01.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Mallee WH, Mellema JJ, Guitton TG, et al 6-week radiographs unsuitable for diagnosis of suspected scaphoid fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2016;136(6):771–778. doi: 10.1007/s00402-016-2438-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Schmitt R, Rosenthal H Imaging of scaphoid fractures according to the new S3 guidelines. Rofo. 2016;188(5):459–469. doi: 10.1055/s-00000066. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Sauerbier M, Germann G, Dacho A Current concepts in the treatment of scaphoid fractures. Eur J Trauma. 2004;30(2):80–92. doi: 10.1007/s00068-004-1408-7. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Kumar S, O’Connor A, Despois M, et al Use of early magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of occult scaphoid fractures: the CAST Study (Canberra Area Scaphoid Trial) N Z Med J. 2005;118(1209):U1296. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Murthy NS The role of magnetic resonance imaging in scaphoid fractures. J Hand Surg (Am) 2013;38(10):2047–2054. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.03.055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Yin ZG, Zhang JB, Kan SL, et al Diagnosing suspected scaphoid fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468(3):723–734. doi: 10.1007/s11999-009-1081-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Mallee WH, Wang J, Poolman RW, et al Computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging versus bone scintigraphy for clinically suspected scaphoid fractures in patients with negative plain radiographs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD010023. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010023.pub2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Hiscox C, Lamothe J, White N, et al Diagnosis of occult scaphoid fractures: a randomized, controlled trial comparing bone scans to radiographs for diagnosis. CJEM. 2014;16(4):296–303. doi: 10.2310/8000.2013.131074. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Henriksen OM, Lonsdale MN, Jensen TD, et al Two-dimensional fusion imaging of planar bone scintigraphy and radiographs in, patients with clinical scaphoid fracture: an imaging study. Acta Radiol. 2009;50(1):71–77. doi: 10.1080/02841850802562089. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Buijze GA, Goslings JC, Rhemrev SJ, et al Cast immobilization with and without immobilization of the thumb for nondisplaced and minimally displaced scaphoid waist fractures: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. J Hand Surg (Am) 2014;39(4):621–627. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.12.039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Doornberg JN, Buijze GA, Ham SJ, et al Nonoperative treatment for acute scaphoid fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Trauma. 2011;71(4):1073–1081. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e318222f485. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Davis EN, Chung KC, Kotsis SV, et al A cost/utility analysis of open reduction and internal fixation versus cast immobilization for acute nondisplaced mid-waist scaphoid fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(4):1223–1235. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000201461.71055.83. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Grewal R, Suh N, Macdermid JC Is casting for non-displaced simple scaphoid waist fracture effective? A CT based assessment of union. Open Orthop J. 2016;10:431–438. doi: 10.2174/1874325001610010431. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Dias JJ, Dhukaram V, Abhinav A, et al Clinical and radiological outcome of cast immobilisation versus surgical treatment of acute scaphoid fractures at a mean follow-up of 93 months. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2008;90(7):899–905. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.90B7.20371. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Grewal R, King GJ An evidence-based approach to the management of acute scaphoid fractures. J Hand Surg (Am) 2009;34(4):732–734. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.12.027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Al-Ajmi TA, Al-Faryan KH, Al-Kanaan NF, et al A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing surgical versus conservative treatments for acute undisplaced or minimally-displaced scaphoid fractures. Clin Orthop Surg. 2018;10(1):64–73. doi: 10.4055/cios.2018.10.1.64. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.王孝辉, 王庆丰, 张彩丽, 等 超声引导下经皮 Herbert 螺钉治疗新鲜无移位腕舟骨骨折. 中国修复重建外科杂志. 2018;32(8):989–992. [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Clementson M, Jørgsholm P, Besjakov J, et al Conservative treatment versus arthroscopic-assisted screw fixation of scaphoid waist fractures-a randomized trial with minimum 4-year follow-up. J Hand Surg (Am) 2015;40(7):1341–1348. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.03.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Ibrahim T, Qureshi A, Sutton AJ, et al Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment of acute minimally displaced and undisplaced scaphoid waist fractures: pairwise and network meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. J Hand Surg (Am) 2011;36(11):1759–1768. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.08.033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Mayr E, Rudzki MM, Rudzki M, et al Does low intensity, pulsed ultrasound speed healing of scaphoid fractures? Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2000;32(2):115–122. doi: 10.1055/s-2000-19253. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Hannemann PF, van Wezenbeek MR, Kolkman KA, et al CT scan-evaluated outcome of pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of acute scaphoid fractures: a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B(8):1070–1076. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.96B8.33767. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Rettig AC, Kollias SC Internal fixation of acute stable scaphoid fractures in the athlete. Am J Sports Med. 1994;24(2):182–186. doi: 10.1177/036354659602400211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Winston MJ, Weiland AJ Scaphoid fractures in the athlete. Curr Rev Mmusculoskelet Med. 2017;10(1):38–44. doi: 10.1007/s12178-017-9382-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Tait MA, Bracey JW, Gaston RG Acute scaphoid fractures: a critical analysis review. JBJS Rev. 2016;4(9):pii: 01874474-201609000–00004. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.15.00073. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Rettig ME, Raskin KB Retrograde compression screw fixation of acute proximal pole scaphoid fractures. J Hand Surg (Am) 1999;24(6):1206–1210. doi: 10.1053/jhsu.1999.1206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Brogan DM, Moran SL, Shin AY Outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation of acute proximal pole scaphoid fractures. Hand (N Y) 2015;10(2):227–232. doi: 10.1007/s11552-014-9689-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Schreiber JJ, Kang L, Hearns KA, et al Micro screw fixation for small proximal pole scaphoid fractures with distal radius bone graft. J Wrist Surg. 2018;7(4):319–323. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1660445. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Ek ET, Wang K Fixation of ultrasmall proximal pole scaphoid fractures using bioabsorbable osteochondral fixation nails. J Hand Surg (Am) 2017;42(9):758. e1–758. e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.06.011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Capito AE, Higgins JP Scaphoid overstuffing: the effects of the dimensions of scaphoid reconstruction on scapholunate alignment. J Hand Surg (Am) 2013;38(12):2419–2425. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.09.035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Alexa O, Veliceasa B Percutaneous Herbert screw osteosynthesis in trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture-dislocations. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2013;117(2):409–413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Melone CP Jr, Murphy MS, Raskin KB Perilunate injuries. Repair by dual dorsal and volar approaches. Hand Clin. 2000;16(3):439–448. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Knoll VD, Allan C, Trumble TE Trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture dislocations: results of screw fixation of the scaphoid and lunotriquetral repair with a dorsal approach. J Hand Surg (Am) 2005;30(6):1145–1152. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2005.07.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Oh WT, Choi YR, Kang HJ, et al Comparative outcome analysis of arthroscopic-assisted versus open reduction and fixation of trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture dislocations. Arthroscopy. 2017;33(1):92–100. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.07.018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

RESOURCES