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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2019 Jan;33(1):56–60. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201809073

保留后方韧带复合体的腰椎融合术远期疗效观察

Long-term effectiveness of posterior lumbar interbody fusion of retaining posterior ligamentous complex

Yuwei LI 1,*, Haijiao WANG 1, Wei CUI 1, Peng ZHOU 1, Cheng LI 1, Wei XIAO 1, Bingtao HU 1, Fan LI 1
PMCID: PMC8337237  PMID: 30644261

Abstract

Objective

To compare the long-term effectiveness of wheather posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) preserved between posterior fenestration decompression interbody fusion and posterior total laminectomy interbody fusion.

Methods

The clinical data of 89 patients who suffered from single segmental degenerative diseases of lower lumbar spine and followed up more than 10 years after receiving lumbar spinal fusion between January 2000 and January 2005 were retrospectively analysed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the different surgical methods, the 33 patients in group A were treated with posterior lumbar fenestration decompression, interbody fusion, and internal fixation, while 56 patients in group B were treated with posterior total laminectomy resection decompression, interbody fusion, and internal fixation. There was no significant difference in gender, age, body mass index, type of lesion, disease duration, lesion segment, and preoperative Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and Cobb angle of lumbar lordosis between the two groups (P>0.05). The effectiveness was evaluated by JOA score, and the improvement of pain was evaluated by VAS score. The incidence of adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) at last follow-up was recorded.

Results

Both groups were followed up 10-17 years (mean, 12.6 years). There were 3 cases (9.1%) in group A and 5 cases (8.9%) in group B complicated with cerebrospinal fluid leakage, showing no significant difference (χ2=0.001, P=0.979). There was no complication such as infection, nerve root injury, internal plant loosening or transposition in both groups. Intervertebral fusion was satisfactory in both groups. The fusion time in groups A and B was (3.4±1.2) months and (3.7±1.6) months respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (t=0.420, P=0.676). At last follow-up, the JOA score and VAS score of the two groups were significantly improved when compared with preoperative ones (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in Cobb angle of lumbar lordosis before and after operation in group A (t=0.293, P=0.772), but the Cobb angle of lumbar lordosis in group B was significantly lost at last follow-up (t=14.920, P=0.000). At last follow-up, the VAS score and Cobb angle of lumbar lordosis in group A were significantly superior to those in group B (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in JOA score between the two groups (t=0.217, P=0.828). There were 3 cases (9.1%) in group A and 21 cases (37.5%) in group B complicated with ASD, showing significant difference between the two groups (χ2=8.509, P=0.004).

Conclusion

Long-term effectiveness of both groups was satisfactory, but in terms of maintaining lumbar lordosis and reducing the incidence of ASD, the lumbar fusion retaining PLC is superior to total laminectomy and lumbar fusion removing PLC.

Keywords: Posterior ligamentous complex, lumbar interbody fusion, adjacent segment degeneration, lumbar lordosis angle


腰椎融合术是治疗腰椎退变性疾病的主要术式[1-5],临床效果良好,得到广泛应用,其中最常用的术式是全椎板切除、减压、椎间融合内固定术。神经根充分减压是腰椎融合术取得良好临床疗效的必要保证,但是全椎板切除减压的方式切除了棘上韧带、棘间韧带、棘突、椎板等后方结构,破坏了后部韧带复合体(posterior ligamentous complex,PLC)[5]。在正常的腰椎解剖结构中,完整的 PLC 作为张力带结构可抵消腰椎前屈运动时的部分压力,减轻融合相邻节段的应力负荷[5],并在维持腰椎曲度方面起重要作用。然而在临床病例研究中尚缺少切除 PLC 的远期随访研究(10 年以上)。现回顾分析 2000 年 1 月—2005 年 1 月我院收治的下腰椎单节段退变性疾病行腰椎融合术并随访 10 年以上的患者临床资料,比较保留 PLC 的椎板开窗减压与不保留 PLC 的全椎板切除减压的临床疗效。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 患者选择标准

纳入标准:① 具有典型临床症状:腰椎间盘突出患者为腰腿痛,腰椎管狭窄及腰椎滑脱患者为间歇性跛行和/或腰腿痛,保守治疗 3 个月无效;② 术前均经腰椎 X 线片、CT 和 MRI 检查确诊;③ 单节段病变者;④ 年龄 20~60 岁;⑤ 随访 10 年以上。排除标准:① 有脊柱手术史;② 合并严重骨质疏松;③ 合并脊柱骨折、感染、肿瘤等病变;④ 病变位于上腰椎(L12、L23、L34)。2000 年 1 月—2005 年 1 月共 89 例患者符合选择标准纳入研究,根据手术方式不同分为 2 组,A 组 33 例采用椎板开窗减压、椎间融合内固定术,B 组 56 例采用全椎板切除减压、内固定融合术。

1.2. 一般资料

A 组:男 12 例,女 21 例;年龄 27~60 岁,平均 49.6 岁。体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)17.9~32.1 kg/m2,平均 23.6 kg/m2。诊断为腰椎间盘突出 5 例,腰椎管狭窄 7 例,腰椎滑脱 21 例。病程 11~36 个月,平均 25.0 个月。病变节段:L45 19 例,L5、S1 14 例。

B 组:男 20 例,女 36 例;年龄 31~60 岁,平均 50.2 岁。BMI 18.3~31.7 kg/m2,平均 24.6 kg/m2。诊断为腰椎间盘突出 8 例,腰椎管狭窄 12 例,腰椎滑脱 36 例。病程 7~39 个月,平均 27.3 个月。病变节段:L45 27 例,L5、S1 29 例。

两组患者性别、年龄、BMI、病变类型、病程、病变节段及术前日本骨科协会(JOA)评分、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、腰椎前凸 Cobb 角等一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表 1

表 1.

Comparison of clinical observation indexes at pre- and post-operation between the two groups ( Inline graphic)

两组患者手术前后各临床指标比较( Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
JOA 评分
JOA score
VAS 评分
VAS score
腰椎前凸 Cobb 角(°)
Cobb angle of lumbar lordosis(°)
术前
Preoperative
末次随访
Last follow-up
统计值
Statistic
术前
Preoperative
末次随访
Last follow-up
统计值
Statistic
术前
Preoperative
末次随访
Last follow-up
统计值
Statistic
A 33 16.2±1.0 25.5±0.7 t=77.986
P= 0.000
5.4±0.3 1.5±0.3 t=98.861
P= 0.000
54.6±6.9 50.2± 5.4 t= 0.293
P= 0.772
B 56 16.9±1.2 25.4±0.7 t=91.960
P= 0.000
5.8±0.4 2.9±0.3 t=76.027
P= 0.000
55.3±8.2 37.9±10.9 t=14.920
P= 0.000
统计值 Statistic t=0.122
P=0.903
t=0.217
P=0.828
t=0.256
P=0.798
t=20.369
P= 0.000
t=0.411
P=0.682
t=6.023
P=0.000

1.3. 手术方法

A 组:患者于全麻下俯卧于可透射线的脊柱架上,取后正中切口,逐层切开显露病变节段,在病变间隙上下椎弓根内植入 2 对椎弓根螺钉,在病变椎板间隙行椎板间开窗,显露硬脊膜,保留棘突、棘上韧带、棘间韧带的完整连续性。然后切除关节突的内 1/2,显露出神经根、椎间盘,扩大神经根管;在对神经根无刺激下,彻底切除病变的椎间盘、刮除软骨板后,测量椎间隙高度、植入骨粒[咬除的骨骼及同种皮松质骨块(上海亚朋生物技术有限公司)制成],然后将椎间融合器植入病变椎间隙,安装连接棒并加压固定。冲洗、放置引流管后逐层缝合。

B 组:体位及麻醉同 A 组,逐层切开显露后,切除棘突、棘上韧带、棘间韧带、椎板及椎板间黄韧带,行全椎板切除显露硬脊膜。其余步骤同 A 组。

1.4. 术后处理

术后 48 h 拔出负压引流管。术后 3~4 d 鼓励患者佩戴支具下床活动,术后 2 周拆线出院,定期随访。

1.5. 疗效评价标准

术前及末次随访时,采用 JOA 下腰痛 29 分评分标准评价临床疗效;采用 VAS 评分评价疼痛改善情况;于患者站立位、双上肢上举、肩关节屈曲 30° 所摄腰椎侧位 X 线片上测量腰椎前凸 Cobb 角[6-7](L1 椎体上终板切线和 S1 椎体上终板切线夹角),见图 1。末次随访时记录相邻节段退变(adjacent segment degeneration,ASD)发生情况,ASD 诊断标准[5]:与术前 X 线片比较,相邻椎间盘高度丢失≥3 mm,或在动力位下椎间隙角度变化≥5°,或过伸过屈位椎体滑移≥3 mm。

图 1.

图 1

Schematic diagram of Cobb angle measurement method for lumbar lordosis

腰椎前凸 Cobb 角测量方法示意图

1.6. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS19.0 统计软件进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验,组内手术前后比较采用配对 t 检验;计数资料比较采用 χ2 检验;检验水准 α=0.05。

2. 结果

两组患者均获随访,随访时间 10~17 年,平均 12.6 年。A 组 3 例(9.1%)、B 组 5 例(8.9%)出现脑脊液漏,经头低足高俯卧位及补充电解质、平衡液等治疗均愈合,两组脑脊液漏发生率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.001,P=0.979)。两组均无感染、神经根损伤及内固定物松动、移位等并发症发生。两组均获得椎间融合,A、B 组融合时间分别为(3.4±1.2)、(3.7±1.6)个月,比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.420,P=0.676)。末次随访时两组 JOA 评分、VAS 评分较术前显著改善(P<0.05);A 组手术前后腰椎前凸 Cobb 角比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.293,P=0.772),B 组末次随访时腰椎前凸 Cobb 角较术前显著丢失,差异有统计学意义(t=14.920,P=0.000)。A 组 VAS 评分及腰椎前凸 Cobb 角均优于 B 组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组 JOA 评分比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.217,P=0.828)。A、B 组分别有 3 例(9.1%)和 21 例(37.5%)出现 ASD,比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.509,P=0.004)。见表 1,图 23

图 2.

Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of a 57-year-old female patient with lumbar spondylolisthesis of L4, 5 level in group A

A 组患者,女,57 岁,L45 腰椎滑脱症正侧位 X 线片

a. 术前腰椎前凸 Cobb 角 52°;b. 术后 3 个月腰椎前凸 Cobb 角 51°;c. 术后 10 年腰椎前凸 Cobb 角维持良好(52°)

a. Cobb angle of lumbar lordosis was 52° before operation; b. Cobb angle of lumbar lordosis was 51° at 3 months after operation; c. Cobb angle of lumbar lordosis maintained well (52°) at 10 years after operation

图 2

图 3.

A 54-year-old male patient with lumbar spondylolisthesis of L4, 5 level in group B

B 组患者,男,54 岁,L45 腰椎滑脱症

a、b. 术前正侧位 X 线片示腰椎前凸 Cobb 角为 28°;c、d. 术后 3 个月正侧位 X 线片示腰椎前凸 Cobb 角为 30°;e、f. 术后 7 年正侧位 X 线片示腰椎前凸 Cobb 角为 10°,腰椎曲度变平直;g、h. 术后 7 年腰椎过伸过屈侧位 X 线片示 L5、S1 椎体滑移≥3 mm;i. 术后 7 年腰椎 CT 三维重建示 L45 椎间融合良好;j、k. 术后 7 年腰椎 MRI 示相邻节段(L5、S1)出现退变并突出

a, b. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films before operation, showed the Cobb angle of lumbar lordosis was 28°; c, d. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 3 months after operation, showed the Cobb angle of lumbar lordosis was 30°; e, f. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 7 years after operation, showed the Cobb angle of lumbar lordosis was 10°, the curvature of the lumbar vertebra was decreased; g, h. Lateral X-ray films of hyperextension and hyperflexion at 7 years after operation, showed the lumbar spondylolisthesis between L5 and S1≥3 mm; i. CT three-dimensional reconstruction at 7 years after operation, showed intervertebral fusion between L4 and L5 was satisfactory; j, k. MRI at 7 years after operation, showed ASD of adjacent segments (L5, S1

图 3

3. 讨论

3.1. PLC 的重要作用

PLC 由棘突、棘上韧带、棘间韧带等组成[8-9],在腰椎前屈中维持着脊柱后方的张力,类似于弓箭的弦,主要作用是限制脊柱过度屈曲、旋转、移位和分离。PLC 因外伤或医源性损伤后,其自身修复能力差。Lai 等[10]报道了脊柱后柱结构的变化是 ASD 发生的危险因素,指出脊柱融合术中切除棘突等 PLC 后会导致脊柱不稳,术后早期即可发生 ASD。脊柱融合术后 ASD 是腰椎融合手术重要并发症之一,文献报道其发生率为 5.2%~30%[11]。目前 ASD 的发生机制尚不明确[11],多种因素可能引起术后 ASD,其中脊柱融合术后相邻节段的应力集中及异常活动可导致小关节负荷增加,相邻节段椎间盘压力增加,尤其是 PLC 在 ASD 的发生和发展中起着重要作用[12-15]。失去 PLC 的完整性后,在腰椎前屈时 PLC 不能承担脊柱部分应力,从而使前柱的椎间盘应力增加,可加速 ASD。

PLC 对维持腰椎生理性前屈方面也起到了至关重要的作用。腰椎在日常弯腰活动中承受了更大的动态压力,全椎板切除术可导致棘上韧带、棘间韧带失去连续性,脊柱后方的张力带作用减弱,在失去了椎旁肌肉和 PLC 的张力作用后,腰椎在屈曲动作时可能出现失稳,影响腰椎的曲度[15]。本研究随访结果显示,保留 PLC 的 A 组较失去 PLC 完整性的 B 组,在 ASD 发生率、维持腰椎前凸方面存在显著差异,表明腰椎间融合术中保留 PLC 结构可减少 ASD 发生,有效维持腰椎前凸角度。

3.2. 两种术式的优缺点比较

对腰椎退变性疾病,全椎板切除、椎间融合内固定术是临床上最常用的术式[16-18],可达到显露清晰、减压彻底的目的,从而取得良好的近期临床疗效。但是全椎板切除的同时,切除了部分棘突、棘上韧带和棘间韧带,失去了 PLC 的完整性是其缺点。腰椎退行性疾病主要是椎间盘突出或神经根管狭窄所致,通过椎板间开窗行减压融合术,完全可以达到将椎间盘切除彻底、神经根管减压充分的目的,在充分减压的基础上保留了 PLC 的完整性。本研究结果显示,保留 PLC 的椎板开窗组和切除 PLC 的全椎板切除组临床疗效相似,差异无统计学意义。

3.3. 该研究的不足

综上述,保留 PLC 的腰椎融合术可以取得与切除 PLC 的全椎板切除减压融合术一样的临床疗效,但是在维持腰椎前凸和减少 ASD 发生率方面,保留 PLC 的腰椎融合术优于切除 PLC 的全椎板切除腰椎融合术。因此行腰椎融合手术时应尽量保留 PLC 的完整性。但本研究存在以下不足:① 由于患者认知程度等原因,本组采用保留 PLC 的后路腰椎融合手术治疗病例数相对较少;② 受病例数的限制,不能将同一年龄组进行对比,可能会导致偏差;③ 作为回顾性研究,缺乏随机对照研究,所得结论具有一定局限性和不足;④ 需要多中心、大样本、更长时间的观察和研究。

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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