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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2019 Jan;33(1):41–48. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201808015

Lenke 1 型青少年特发性脊柱侧弯矫形术中不同近端固定椎的疗效分析

Effectiveness analysis of Lenke type 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with different proximal fixation vertebra

Huanye ZHU 1, Bo LI 2,*, Yuekui JIAN 2, Zeyu SUN 1, Zhen YANG 2
PMCID: PMC8337257  PMID: 30644259

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the short-term effectiveness of proximal fixation of one vertebra above to the upper end vertebra and the upper end vertebra in the treatment of Lenke type 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients with preoperative right higher shoulder.

Methods

The clinical data of 37 Lenke type 1 AIS patients treated with posterior correction between January 2010 and December 2015 were retrospectively analysed. According to proximal fixation vertebra, the patients were divided into 2 groups: group A (n=17), proximal fixation of one vertebra above to the upper end vertebra; group B (n=20), proximal fixation of the upper end vertebra. There was no significant difference in gender, age, Risser stage, radiographic shoulder height (RSH), flexibility of proximal thoracic curve, flexibility of main thoracic curve, flexibility of thoracolumbar/lumbar curve between 2 groups (P>0.05). The main thoracic curve Cobb angle, proximal thoracic curve Cobb angle, thoracolumbar/lumbar curve Cobb angle, apical vertebral translation (AVT), clavicle angle (CA), RSH, coronal trunk shift, sagittal trunk shift, thoracic kyphosis (TK), and lumbar lordosis (LL) were measured by X-ray film before operation, and at 1 month, 1 year, and 2 years after operation. The correction indexes of main thoracic curve were evaluated, including the correction degree and correction rate of main thoracic curve and AVT correction at 1 month after operation, the loss degree and the loss rate of the correction of main thoracic curve at 2 years after operation.

Results

The operation time and intraoperation blood loss in group A were significantly greater than those in group B (P<0.05). All the patients were followed up, and the follow-up time was 2-4 years (mean, 2.8 years) in group A and 2-3.5 years (mean, 2.6 years) in group B. No serious complication such as nerve damage occurred during perioperative period and follow-up period. No complication such as failure of fusion, loosening and rupture of internal fixator, adjacent segment degeneration, and proximal junctional kyphosis occurred. There was no significant difference between 2 groups in the correction degree and correction rate of main thoracic curve and AVT correction at 1 month after operation, the loss degree and the loss rate of the correction of main thoracic curve at 2 years after operation (P>0.05). Comparison within the two groups: except for LL had no significant difference between pre- and post-operation (P>0.05), the other indicators were significantly improved after operation (P<0.05) in the two groups. There were significant differences in RSH, CA, proximal thoracic curve Cobb angle, and thoracolumbar/lumbar curve Cobb angle at each time point after operation (P<0.05), and there were spontaneous correction during follow-up; however, there was no significant difference in main thoracic curve Cobb angle, AVT, TK, LL, trunk shift at each time point after operation (P>0.05), and there was no significant loss during follow-up. Comparison between the two groups: there was no significant difference in all the radiographic indexes at pre- and post-operation (P>0.05).

Conclusion

For Lenke type 1 AIS patients with preoperative right high shoulder, proximal fixation vertebra be fixed to the upper end vertebral can obtain satisfactory short-term orthopedic effectiveness and reduce blood loss and operation time.

Keywords: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, Lenke type 1, proximal fixation vertebra, proximal thoracic curve, shoulder balance


青少年特发性脊柱侧弯(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)是不明原因引起的脊柱三维结构畸形,其椎体结构无先天发育异常;AIS 是脊柱畸形中最常见的类型,约占整个脊柱侧弯的 80%[1-2]。AIS 矫治的基本原则及要求是纠正脊柱三维畸形、恢复脊柱正常解剖序列、重建和维持脊柱平衡,尽可能多地保留脊柱活动节段,完善的术前评估和正确的矫治策略是手术成功的前提及基础[3]。根据 Lenke 分型[4],Lenke 1 型 AIS 是以主胸弯为结构性侧弯、上胸弯和胸腰弯或腰弯均为非结构性侧弯的一种类型。对于此类型患者,如何正确选择融合节段,在尽可能保留更多的脊柱活动节段情况下达到满意的矫正效果,重建患者整体美学平衡,是目前研究的重点。对于 Lenke 1 型患者选择近端固定椎时,患者术前的双肩平衡情况为主要因素,对于术前右肩高的患者近端固定只需固定至 T4 或 T5[4]。但此观点未考虑主弯累及节段的因素,目前仍存在争议。现回顾分析 2010 年 1 月—2015 年 12 月我们采用后路矫形手术治疗的 Lenke 1 型 AIS 患者临床资料,探讨选择不同近端固定椎的矫正效果。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 患者选择标准

纳入标准:① 术前确诊为 AIS Lenke 1 型,且术前影像学为右肩高患者(右肩高于左肩 10 mm 以上为标准[5]);② 单纯行经后路椎弓根螺钉钉棒系统内固定矫形手术者。排除标准:① Lenke 分型为其他类型,或者 Lenke 1 型但双肩平衡或右肩高的患者;② 病史或影像资料不全及术后失访的患者。2010 年 1 月—2015 年 12 月共 37 例患者符合选择标准纳入研究,按照近端固定椎不同分为两组:A 组(17 例),近端固定至上端椎上一椎体,主要于 2013 年 9 月前入院;B 组(20 例),近端固定至上端椎,主要于 2013 年 9 月后入院。

1.2. 一般资料

A 组:男 2 例,女 15 例;年龄 12~18 岁,平均 14.6 岁。近端固定椎固定至 T3 3 例、T4 10 例、T5 4 例。B 组:男 3 例,女 17 例;年龄 12~18 岁,平均 15.0 岁。近端固定椎固定至 T4 4 例、T5 11 例、T6 5 例。两组患者性别、年龄、Risser 征、双肩影像学高度差(radiographic shoulder height,RSH)、上胸弯柔韧度、主胸弯柔韧度、腰弯柔韧度等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表 1

表 1.

Comparison of baseline characteristics between the two groups ( Inline graphic)

两组患者术前一般资料比较( Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
Risser 征(°)
Risser stage (°)
RSH
(mm)
上胸弯柔韧度(%)
Flexibility of proximal thoracic curve (%)
主胸弯柔韧度(%)
Flexibility of main thoracic curve (%)
腰弯柔韧度(%)
Flexibility of thoracolumbar/
lumbar curve (%)
A 17 3.2±1.0 –20.6±9.4 38.1± 5.6 48.1±11.6 54.6±11.2
B 20 3.3±0.8 –19.4±8.5 40.4±14.7 48.3±14.1 51.7±11.8
统计值 Statistic t=–0.051
P= 0.960
t=–0.620
P= 0.536
t=–0.613
P= 0.958
t=–0.054
P= 0.544
t=0.783
P=0.439

1.3. 手术方法

本组患者手术均由同一位医师主刀。患者全麻俯卧位,行后正中切口,逐层切开皮肤、皮下组织和椎旁肌肉,显露双侧椎板、上下关节突和横突。所有患者实施后路椎弓根螺钉钉棒系统内固定矫形术,远端固定椎的选择按照统一标准行胸腰椎/腰弯选择性固定[6]。术中植钉参照文献[7]所述方法,于进钉点咬除骨皮质,定位器定位、开孔,探针探查孔壁四周为骨性结构,选择合适大小的螺钉植入,C 臂 X 线机透视显示植钉位置良好。将按胸椎生理曲度预弯的矫形棒置入侧弯凹侧,利用悬梁臂原理[8]矫正脊柱侧弯畸形,同时纠正侧弯和维持胸椎正常矢状面后凸,再于凸侧置入维持棒,对融合节段内的各个椎体进行撑开或加压,C 臂 X 线机再次透视见侧弯畸形在冠状面、矢状面矫正均满意。两侧椎板去皮质化,植入自体髂骨碎骨,留置引流管和逐层缝合切口。术中行神经电生理监测,矫形结束时行唤醒试验。

1.4. 术后处理

术后常规使用抗生素 24 h 预防感染,术后 48~72 h 视术区引流情况予以拔除术区引流管,术后 1 周在脊柱外固定支具保护下逐步下床活动。

1.5. 观察指标

所有指标均由 2 位脊柱外科医师独立测量获得,取均值。术前、术后 1 个月及术后 1、2 年摄脊柱全长正侧位 X 线片,测量并记录下列影像学指标:① 主胸弯、上胸弯、胸腰弯/腰弯的 Cobb 角[1]:分别平行于侧弯上端椎的上终板和下端椎的下终板画 2 条直线,这 2 条直线的垂线之间的夹角即为 Cobb 角;② 顶椎偏移距离(apical vertebral translation,AVT)[1]:主胸弯顶椎中点与骶骨中垂线之间的距离;③ 锁骨角(clavicle angle,CA)[5]:连接双侧锁骨最高点的连线与水平线之间的夹角;④ RSH[5]:双侧肩锁关节上方软组织影的垂直高度差;⑤ 躯干矢状位偏移[1]:经 C7 铅垂线与骶骨中垂线的距离;⑥ 躯干冠状位偏移[1]:C7 铅垂线与骶骨中垂线距离;⑦ 胸椎后凸(thoracic kyphosis,TK)[1]:T5 上终板至 T12 下终板间的 Cobb 角;⑧ 腰椎前凸(lumbar lordos,LL)[1]:L1 上终板至 S1 上终板间的 Cobb 角。

术后主胸弯矫正指标:① 主胸弯矫正度:术后 1 个月和术前主胸弯 Cobb 角的差值;② 主胸弯矫正率:(术前 Cobb 角−术后 1 个月 Cobb 角)/术前 Cobb 角×100%;③ AVT 矫正:术后 1 个月和术前 AVT 的差值;④ 主胸弯矫正丢失度:术后 2 年和术后 1 个月主胸弯 Cobb 角的差值;⑤ 主胸弯矫正丢失率:(术后 1 个月 Cobb 角−术后 2 年 Cobb 角)/术前 Cobb 角×100%。

同时,观察患者术后有无融合失败、内固定物松动断裂、邻近节段退变和近端交界性后凸(proximal junctional kyphosis,PJK)等并发症发生。

1.6. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS23.0 统计软件进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验;组内手术前后各时间点间比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用 Dunnett-t 检验;计数资料比较采用 χ2 检验;检验水准 α=0.05。

2. 结果

A 组手术时间和术中出血量均显著大于 B 组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者均获随访,A 组随访时间 2~4 年,平均 2.8 年;B 组 2~3.5 年,平均 2.6 年。围手术期及随访期间均无神经损害等严重并发症发生,无融合失败、内固定物松动断裂、邻近节段退变和 PJK 等并发症发生。两组患者术后 1 个月主胸弯矫正度、主胸弯矫正率及 AVT 矫正,术后 2 年主胸弯矫正丢失度和主胸弯矫正丢失率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 2

表 2.

Comparison of operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and correction indexes of major thoracic curve between the two groups ( Inline graphic)

两组患者手术时间、术中出血量及术后主胸弯矫正指标比较( Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
手术时间
(min)
Operation time
(minutes)
术中出血量
(mL)
Intraoperative
blood loss (mL)
主胸弯矫正度
(°)
Main thoracic
correction (°)
主胸弯矫正率
(%)
Main thoracic
correction rate (%)
AVT 矫正
(mm)
AVT correction
(mm)
主胸弯矫正丢失度
(°)
Main thoracic curve
corrected loss (°)
主胸弯矫正丢失率
(%)
Main thoracic curve
corrected loss rate (%)
A 17 312.4±25.6 886.2±162.9 43.4±6.9 74.1±6.5 25.2±4.6 4.0±2.3 6.8±4.5
B 20 279.2±26.7 773.5±110.1 41.2±7.2 73.9±5.8 25.8±4.0 4.8±2.3 7.8±3.5
统计值 Statistic t=3.860
P=0.000
t=2.498
P=0.017
t=0.819
P=0.418
t=0.092
P=0.927
t=–0.394
P=0.696
t=–1.018
P= 0.316
t=–0.761
P= 0.452

两组组内比较:除 LL 在手术前后各时间点间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)外,其余各指标术后各时间点均较术前显著改善(P<0.05)。其中 RSH、CA、上胸弯 Cobb 角、胸腰弯/腰弯 Cobb 角术后各时间点间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且在术后随访过程中存在自发性矫正现象;而主胸弯 Cobb 角、AVT、TK、躯干冠状面偏移以及躯干矢状面偏移术后各时间点间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),在术后随访过程中无明显丢失。两组组间比较:手术前后各时间点两组各影像学指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见图 12表 37

图 1.

A 14-year-old female Lenke 1 AIS patient with the proximal fixation vertebra at T4 in group A

A 组患者,女,14 岁,Lenke 1 型 AIS,近端固定椎固定至 T4

a. 术前外观(红线示双肩高度差);b. 术前 X 线片示主胸弯(T5~T12)Cobb 角 44.5°,上胸弯 Cobb 角 18.3°,胸腰弯/腰弯 Cobb 角 17.9°,RSH=–20.2 mm;c. 术后 1 个月 X 线片示主胸弯 Cobb 角 3.8°,上胸弯 Cobb 角 13.7°,胸腰弯/腰弯 Cobb 角 1.8°,RSH=0.5 mm;d. 术后 1 年 X 线片示主胸弯 Cobb 角 3.8°,上胸弯 Cobb 角 10.7°,胸腰弯/腰弯 Cobb 角 0.9°,RSH=6.9 mm;e. 术后 2 年 X 线片示主胸弯 Cobb 角 4.7°,上胸弯 Cobb 角 7.2°,胸腰弯/腰弯 Cobb 角 0.7°,RSH=5.3 mm;f. 术后 2 年外观(红线示双肩高度差)

a. Preoperative appearance (red lines showed shoulder height difference); b. Preoperative X-ray film showed the main thoracic curve Cobb angle of 44.5° from T5 to T12, the proximal thoracic curve Cobb angle of 18.3°, the thoracolumbar/lumbar curve Cobb angle of 17.9° , and preoperative RSH=–20.2 mm; c. X-ray film at 1 month after operation showed the main thoracic curve Cobb angle of 3.8°, the proximal thoracic curve Cobb angle of 13.7°, the thoracolumbar/lumbar curve Cobb angle of 1.8°, and RSH=10.5 mm; d. X-ray film at 1 year after operation showed the main thoracic curve Cobb angle of 3.8°, the proximal thoracic curve Cobb angle of 10.7°, the thoracolumbar/lumbar curve Cobb angle of 0.9°, and RSH=6.9 mm; e. X-ray film at 2 years after operation showed the main thoracic curve Cobb angle of 4.7°, the proximal thoracic curve Cobb angle of 7.2°, the thoracolumbar/lumbar curve Cobb angle of 0.7°, and RSH=5.3 mm; f. Appearance at 2 years after operation (red lines showed shoulder height difference)

图 1

图 2.

A 15-year-old female Lenke 1 AIS patient with the proximal fixation vertebra at T5 in group B

B 组患者,女,15 岁,Lenke 1 型 AIS,近端固定椎固定至 T5

a. 术前外观(红线示双肩高度差);b. 术前 X 线片示主胸弯(T5~T12)Cobb 角 50.3°,上胸弯 Cobb 角 20.8°,胸腰弯/腰弯 Cobb 角 40.8°,RSH=–13.6 mm;c. 术后 1 个月 X 线片示主胸弯 Cobb 角 14.4°,上胸弯 Cobb 角 17.7°,胸腰弯/腰弯 Cobb 角 20.4°,RSH=6.9 mm;d. 术后 1 年 X 线片示主胸弯 Cobb 角 15.3°,上胸弯 Cobb 角 10.1°,胸腰弯/腰弯 Cobb 角 15.1°,RSH=2.1 mm;e. 术后 2 年 X 线片示主胸弯 Cobb 角 16.5°,上胸弯 Cobb 角 8.6°,胸腰弯/腰弯 Cobb 角 13.2°,RSH=1.5 mm;f. 术后 2 年外观(红线示双肩高度差)

a. Preoperative appearance (red lines showed shoulder height difference); b. Preoperative X-ray film showed the main thoracic curve Cobb angle of 50.3° from T5 to T12, the proximal thoracic curve Cobb angle of 20.8°, the thoracolumbar/lumbar curve Cobb angle of 40.8°, and preoperative RSH=–13.6 mm; c. X-ray film at 1 month after operation showed the main thoracic curve Cobb angle of 14.4°, the proximal thoracic curve Cobb angle of 17.7°, the thoracolumbar/lumbar curve Cobb angle of 20.4°, and RSH=6.9 mm; d. X-ray film at 1 year after operation showed the main thoracic curve Cobb angle of 15.3°, the proximal thoracic curve Cobb angle of 10.1°, the thoracolumbar/lumbar curve Cobb angle of 15.1°, and RSH=2.1 mm; e. X-ray film at 2 years after operation showed the main thoracic curve Cobb angle of 16.5°, the proximal thoracic curve Cobb angle of 8.6°, the thoracolumbar/lumbar curve Cobb angle of 13.2°, and RSH=1.5 mm; f. Appearance at 2 years after operation (red lines showed shoulder height difference)

图 2

表 3.

Comparison of RSH and CA at pre- and post-operation between the two groups ( Inline graphic)

两组患者手术前后各时间点 RSH 和 CA 比较( Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
RSH(mm) CA(°)
术前
Preoperative
术后 1 个月
Postoperative
at 1 month
术后 1 年
Postoperative
at 1 year
术后 2 年
Postoperative
at 2 years
统计值
Statistic
术前
Preoperative
术后 1 个月
Postoperative
at 1 month
术后 1 年
Postoperative
at 1 year
术后 2 年
Postoperative
at 2 years
统计值
Statistic
*与同组术前比较P<0.05,#与同组术后 1 个月比较P<0.05,与同组术后 1 年比较P<0.05
*Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05;#compared with postoperative value at 1 month, P<0.05;compared with postoperative value at 1 year, P<0.05
A 17 –20.6±9.4#△ 9.8±9.2*△ 5.5±6.0*# 3.4±4.6*#△ F=55.059
P= 0.000
–1.9±0.9#△ 1.5±0.6*△ 1.0±0.6*# 0.8±0.5*#△ F= 85.106
P= 0.000
B 20 –19.4±8.5#△ 9.0±10.8*△ 4.8±6.0*# 3.0±5.1*#△ F=51.955
P= 0.000
–1.7±0.9#△ 1.4±0.7*△ 0.9±0.3*# 0.7±0.3*#△ F=108.379
P= 0.000
统计值 Statistic t=–0.406
P=0.687
t=0.243
P=0.810
t=0.360
P=0.721
t=0.225
P=0.823
t=–0.657
P= 0.515
t=0.290
P=0.773
t=0.440
P=0.663
t=0.679
P=0.502

表 7.

Comparison of coronal trunk shift and sagittal trunk shift at pre- and post-operation between the two groups (mm, Inline graphic)

两组患者手术前后各时间点躯干冠状面偏移和躯干矢状面偏移比较(mm, Inline graphic

组别 Group 例数 n 躯干冠状面偏移
Coronal trunk shift
躯干矢状面偏移
Sagittal trunk shift
术前 Preoperative 术后 1 个月 Postoperative at 1 month 术后 1 年 Postoperative at 1 year 术后 2 年 Postoperative at 2 years 统计值 Statistic 术前 Preoperative 术后 1 个月 Postoperative at 1 month 术后 1 年 Postoperative at 1 year 术后 2 年 Postoperative at 2 years 统计值 Statistic
*与同组术前比较P<0.05,#与同组术后 1 个月比较P<0.05,与同组术后 1 年比较P<0.05
*Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05;#compared with postoperative value at 1 month,P<0.05;compared with postoperative value at 1 year, P<0.05
A 17 11.9±11.8#△ 3.8±5.3* 3.8±4.8* 3.9±4.8* F=5.201
P=0.003
–15.3±8.1#△ –8.6±4.0* –7.0±2.9* –6.0±4.1* F=11.753
P= 0.000
B 20 12.7±14.9#△ 3.8±7.1* 4.6±7.3* 4.9±7.2* F=3.645
P=0.016
–12.6±6.8#△ –7.8±2.7* –6.4±1.4* –6.2±1.9* F=12.450
P= 0.000
统计值 Statistic t=–0.169
P= 0.867
t=0.005
P=0.996
t=–0.405
P= 0.688
t=–0.457
P= 0.651
t=–1.105
P= 0.277
t=–0.702
P= 0.487
t=–0.823
P= 0.416
t=–0.532
P= 0.598

表 4.

Comparison of thoracolumbar/lumbar curve Cobb angle and proximal thoracic curve Cobb angle at pre- and post-operation between the two groups (°, Inline graphic)

两组患者手术前后各时间点胸腰弯/腰弯 Cobb 角和上胸弯 Cobb 角比较(°, Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
胸腰弯/腰弯 Cobb 角
Thoracolumbar/lumbar curve Cobb angle
上胸弯 Cobb 角
Proximal thoracic curve Cobb angle
术前 Preoperative 术后 1 个月 Postoperative at 1 month 术后 1 年 Postoperative at 1 year 术后 2 年 Postoperative at 2 years 统计值 Statistic 术前 Preoperative 术后 1 个月 Postoperative at 1 month 术后 1 年 Postoperative at 1 year 术后 2 年 Postoperative at 2 years 统计值 Statistic
*与同组术前比较P<0.05,#与同组术后 1 个月比较P<0.05,与同组术后 1 年比较P<0.05
*Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05;#compared with postoperative value at 1 month, P<0.05;compared with postoperative value at 1 year, P<0.05
A 17 30.0±6.7#△ 8.9±4.5*△ 6.3±3.7*# 5.2±3.5*#△ F=102.310
P= 0.000
27.1±4.9#△ 17.1±4.7*△ 13.8±4.5*# 12.3±4.1*#△ F=36.291
P= 0.000
B 20 25.6±8.9#△ 9.0±5.3*△ 7.0±4.4*# 5.8±3.8*#△ F= 48.715
P= 0.000
25.2±7.0#△ 17.2±5.0*△ 13.5±4.3*# 11.7±4.1*#△ F=26.028
P= 0.000
统计值 Statistic t=1.679
P=0.102
t=–0.034
P= 0.973
t=–0.502
P= 0.619
t=–0.510
P= 0.613
t=0.964
P=0.341
t=–0.034
P= 0.966
t=0.193
P=0.848
t=0.468
P=0.643

表 5.

Comparison of main thoracic curve Cobb angle and AVT at pre- and post-operation between the two groups ( Inline graphic)

两组患者手术前后各时间点主胸弯 Cobb 角和 AVT 比较( Inline graphic

组别 Group 例数 n 主胸弯 Cobb 角(°)
Main thoracic curve Cobb angle (°)
AVT (mm)
术前 Preoperative 术后 1 个月 Postoperative at 1 month 术后 1 年 Postoperative at 1 year 术后 2 年 Postoperative at 2 years 统计值 Statistic 术前 Preoperative 术后 1 个月 Postoperative at 1 month 术后 1 年 Postoperative at 1 year 术后 2 年 Postoperative at 2 years 统计值 Statistic
*与同组术前比较P<0.05,#与同组术后 1 个月比较P<0.05,与同组术后 1 年比较P<0.05
*Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05;#compared with postoperative value at 1 month, P<0.05;compared with postoperative value at 1 year, P<0.05
A 17 58.5±9.7#△ 15.2±5.0* 16.7±4.8* 19.1±4.8* F=178.098
P= 0.000
34.7±6.2#△ 8.3±1.8* 8.9±1.7* 9.5±1.7* F=242.141
P= 0.000
B 20 55.7±9.8#△ 14.3±4.5* 16.3±4.6* 19.0±4.7* F=194.494
P= 0.000
35.7±4.8#△ 8.7±1.5* 9.3±1.4* 10.0±1.3* F=481.276
P= 0.000
统计值 Statistic t=0.862
P=0.394
t=0.562
P=0.578
t=0.254
P=0.801
t=0.069
P=0.945
t=–0.545
P= 0.590
t=–0.765
P= 0.449
t=–0.758
P= 0.453
t=–0.929
P= 0.359

表 6.

Comparison of TK and LL at pre- and post-operation between the two groups (°, Inline graphic)

两组患者手术前后各时间点 TK 和 LL 比较(°, Inline graphic

组别 Group 例数 n TK LL
术前 Preoperative 术后 1 个月 Postoperative at 1 month 术后 1 年 Postoperative at 1 year 术后 2 年 Postoperative at 2 years 统计值 Statistic 术前 Preoperative 术后 1 个月 Postoperative at 1 month 术后 1 年 Postoperative at 1 year 术后 2 年 Postoperative at 2 years 统计值 Statistic
*与同组术前比较P<0.05,#与同组术后 1 个月比较P<0.05,与同组术后 1 年比较P<0.05
*Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05;#compared with postoperative value at 1 month, P<0.05;compared with postoperative value at 1 year, P<0.05
A 17 27.2±9.8#△ 22.2±3.7* 22.4±3.7* 22.3±3.7* F=2.962
P=0.039
43.5±3.9 43.8±3.9 43.7±3.7 43.7±3.7 F=0.014
P=0.998
B 20 24.8±7.0#△ 22.5±3.4* 22.8±3.3* 22.8±3.2* F=2.788
P=0.036
43.4±3.2 43.3±3.0 43.5±3.2 43.3±3.1 F=0.013
P=0.998
统计值 Statistic t=0.858
P=0.397
t=–0.263
P= 0.794
t=–0.356
P= 0.724
t=–0.456
P= 0.651
t=0.125
P=0.901
t=0.417
P=0.679
t=0.220
P=0.827
t=0.415
P=0.681

3. 讨论

脊柱侧弯矫形治疗要求在矫正畸形和重建脊柱稳定性的同时,最大限度地保留活动节段。融合范围的选择十分重要又极为复杂,且争议较多;近端固定椎的选择是目前 AIS 矫形的主要争论热点,近端固定椎的选择往往涉及上胸弯的处理[9],更关乎患者术后双肩平衡的维持及矫正满意度[10-11]。双肩平衡作为 AIS 患者术后躯干整体平衡的直观指标,与冠状面平衡的重建和畸形矫正满意度均有重要关系,据报道 AIS 患者术后双肩失衡发生率为 7%~31%[12]。如何正确合理选择近端固定椎,是保证主胸弯良好矫正、恢复维持患者术后双肩平衡的关键因素[13-14]。邱勇[15]认为术前肩部倾斜方向、上胸弯柔韧度和主胸弯矫正度是影响患者术后双肩高度变化的重要因素,在确定近端固定椎时,需综合考虑上述因素。有研究者[4]提出对于 Lenke 1 型患者选择近端固定椎时,患者术前的双肩平衡情况为主要因素,对于术前右肩高的患者近端固定只需到 T4 或 T5。王其飞等[16]认为 Lenke 1 型 AIS 患者手术矫正可致双肩失衡加重,在术后远期功能重建中可以得到恢复。Matsumoto 等[17]根据在 Lenke 1 型 AIS 患者中不同的近端固定策略,比较了常规策略(固定至上端椎)和短节段策略(上端椎–1)的疗效,其认为短节段策略能更好地维持术后双肩平衡。江华等[18]对一组术前双肩平衡的 Lenke 1 型 AIS 患者进行回顾性研究,发现无论上端融合椎是 T3 还是 T4,均可取得满意疗效。上述研究未全面综合考虑患者上胸弯柔韧度、术后主胸弯矫正情况及患者整体躯干的平衡;同时主弯位置及所累椎体节段数目存在差异,如仅根据特定节段而不考虑主弯端椎位置来确定近端固定椎,易致融合节段选择不确切而引发相关问题。

本研究综合考虑上述因素后,选择术前右肩高的 Lenke 1 型 AIS 患者纳入研究,根据主胸弯上端椎的位置确定近端固定椎的位置,研究选择不同近端固定椎对术前右肩高的 Lenke 1 型 AIS 患者的矫形效果。本研究中两组患者术前 RSH、CA、上胸弯 Cobb 角及柔韧度、主胸弯 Cobb 角及柔韧度,以及术后主胸弯矫正度等因素均无明显差异。两组患者术后左肩有抬高现象,我们考虑为右侧主胸弯的矫正将术前右倾的躯干进行重建导致左肩抬高;两组 RSH、CA 在术后随访过程中均可自发矫正。对于术前右肩高的 Lenke 1 型 AIS 患者,上端固定椎无论固定至上端椎上一椎体还是上端椎,在术后均存在左肩抬高现象,可以部分代偿术前右肩高,亦存在左肩高而轻度失平衡的风险,这种风险在后期随访时可逐渐调整,远期随访可取得令人满意的双肩平衡。

根据 Lenke 分型[4]对于上胸弯的定义,本研究纳入的患者均为非结构性弯,两组术前上胸弯 Cobb 角、柔韧度比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后 1 个月两组患者均存在上胸弯残留弯曲,在术后 1、2 年随访发现上胸弯残留弯曲均出现了自发矫正。可见对于上胸弯柔韧性良好的患者行选择性主胸弯融合,术后 1 个月上胸弯存在一定的矫正,仍残留较大角度的弯曲,长期随访可以获得自发矫正;此结果与国内外研究相符[19-20]

我们认为在追求患者双肩平衡的同时,更应关注患者主胸弯的矫形效果及降低术后并发症的发生,不应为了追求患者双肩平衡而以主胸弯的矫正率大幅丢失为代价。本研究中,两组患者主胸弯矫正度均获得了满意的矫形效果,在术后 2 年随访过程中两组患者均存在一定的度数丢失,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。我们比较两组患者术中出血量及手术时间发现,固定至上端椎上一椎体组均显著高于固定至上端椎组(P<0.05),近端固定椎选择在上端椎可以取得满意的矫形效果,同时能显著减少出血量和手术时间。此外,上胸椎区域植钉存在显露困难、螺钉误植率高等风险[17],为降低并发症的发生,应尽可能保留活动节段,在上胸段减少融合节段十分必要。

综上述,我们认为对于右肩高的 Lenke 1 型患者近端固定椎选择上端椎可取得满意的矫形效果。本研究的不足之处是纳入研究病例数较少、随访时间较短,未调查患者术后的主观满意度,有待进一步研究证实。

Funding Statement

贵州省人民医院国家自然科学基金补助基金项目(黔科合平台人才[2017]5724-5)

Subsidy Foundation of National Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital (Guizhou Science and Technology Platform [2017]5724-5)

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