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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2019 Nov;33(11):1389–1393. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201903063

经肩袖肌间隙入路和 Judet 入路治疗肩胛骨骨折的比较研究

Comparative study of surgical treatments of scapula fracture through the muscle space of rotator cuff approach and Judet approach

Wenqing TONG 1,*, Yang HONG 1, Minghai WANG 1
PMCID: PMC8337442  PMID: 31650754

Abstract

Objective

To study the surgical treatments of scapula fracture through the muscle space of rotator cuff approach and the Judet approach, and to evaluate and compare the clinical results.

Methods

Between January 2014 and December 2015, 50 patients with scapula fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation of reconstruction plate. Twenty-four patients were treated through the muscle space of rotator cuff approach (group A), and 26 patients were treated through the Judet approach (group B). There was no significant difference in gender, age, cause of injury, type of fracture, and the interval between injury and operation (P>0.05). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and incision length were recorded, and the shoulder functions after fracture healing confirmed by X-ray films were evaluated according to the Hardegger’s scoring system.

Results

The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and incision length in group A were significantly lower than those in group B (P < 0.05). The incisions of the two groups healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 6-13 months (mean, 11.6 months) in group A and 7-15 months (mean, 12.1 months) in group B. According to Hardegger standard, the effectiveness was rated as excellent in 19 cases, good in 4 cases, and fair in 1 case, with the excellent and good rate of 95.8% in group A, and as excellent in 15 cases, good in 4 cases, fair in 5 cases, and poor in 2 cases with the excellent and good rate of 73.1% in group B. The difference in effectiveness between 2 groups was significant (χ 2=4.81, P=0.03). X-ray films showed that the reduction and internal fixation were satisfied and the fractures healed in 2 groups. The fracture healing time were (29.86±8.38) weeks in group A and (30.05±7.99) weeks in group B, showing no significant difference between 2 groups (t=0.16, P=0.87).

Conclusion

Compared with the Judet approach, the muscle space of rotator cuff approach has advantages of clearly exposure, less muscular dissection, less intraoperative blood loss, less operation time, easier operation, and satisfied shoulder function can be obtained.

Keywords: Scapula fracture, the muscle space of rotator cuff approach, Judet approach, internal fixation


肩胛骨骨折临床较少见,占肩部骨折的 3%~5%,占全身骨折的 0.5%~1%[1-2]。肩胛骨骨折多由高能量损伤所致,就诊时患者常存在不同程度骨与软组织损伤,救治时常重点关注更危重的合并损伤,由于对肩胛骨损伤缺乏足够认识与重视,首次 X 线漏诊率高达 43%[3]。传统观点认为肩胛骨骨折无需特殊处理,但保守治疗后容易出现肩部疼痛、功能障碍等后遗症[4-5]。近年来随着移位肩胛骨骨折手术治疗的开展,术后患者康复率逐渐提高,但常用手术入路存在肌肉剥离广泛、手术创伤较大的缺点。2014 年 1 月—2015 年 12 月,我们收治 50 例拟手术的肩胛骨骨折患者,其中 24 例采用经肩袖肌间隙入路(A 组),26 例采用 Judet 入路(B 组)。现比较两组患者疗效,以期为临床选择手术入路提供参考。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

A 组:男 16 例,女 8 例;年龄 22~39 岁,平均 30 岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤 15 例,高处坠落伤 4 例,重物压伤 3 例,击打伤 2 例。根据创伤骨科协会(OTA)分型标准[6]:14A2.1 型 1 例,14A3.1 型 5 例,14A2.2 型 18 例。受伤至入院时间 4~13 d,平均 9 d。

B 组:男 18 例,女 8 例;年龄 20~38 岁,平均 29 岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤 16 例,高处坠落伤 5 例,重物压伤 4 例,击打伤 1 例。根据 OTA 分型标准:14A2.1 型 1 例,14A3.1 型 7 例,14A2.2 型 18 例。受伤至入院时间 4~12 d,平均 8 d。

两组患者性别、年龄、致伤原因、骨折分型、受伤至手术时间等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

1.2. 手术方法

1.2.1. 手术入路

A 组:全麻下,患者取健侧卧位,患肢采取肩关节前屈 90° 置于保护架。于肩胛骨表面作横斜形切口,沿皮纹走行。切开分离至皮下,注意保护冈下肌表面筋膜,适当游离三角肌后外侧纤维并向上方翻开,或于肩胛冈上将三角肌内侧附着点分离 2 cm,显露深面的冈下肌和小圆肌。冈下肌向上方分离并牵开,其与小圆肌间隙内可显露肩胛盂、肩胛颈和体部;冈下肌向下方分离并牵开,可显露肩胛冈及肩胛颈上方骨质;冈下肌和大圆肌肌间隙分离,可显露肩胛体和肩胛下角外侧部分。切口上段显露时注意保护肩胛上神经,肩胛骨外缘显露时注意保护经三边孔进入术区的旋肩胛动脉。见图1a

图 1.

Schematic diagram of surgical incisions in 2 groups

两组手术切口示意图

a. A组经肩袖肌间隙入路;b. B组Judet入路

a. The muscle space of rotator cuff approach in group A; b. Judet approach in group B

图 1

B 组:全麻下,患者取健侧卧位。Judet 入路起自肩峰内侧,沿肩胛冈走行至肩胛骨内缘,呈倒 L 形至肩胛角处;切断三角肌在肩胛冈上附着点,并向外上方翻开后暴露冈下肌和小圆肌。于切口内侧缘起剥离整块冈下肌并向外侧牵开,术野内可显露肩胛骨腋缘、颈部及肩胛冈[7-8]。术中注意保护肩胛上神经、血管及旋肩胛动脉、腋神经。见图1b

1.2.2. 骨折复位及内固定

两组骨折复位后,均选用重建钢板固定。根据骨折线分布,重建钢板放置于肩胛冈、肩胛骨内外侧缘,恢复肩胛骨解剖框架结构[9-10]。术毕常规放置引流。

1.3. 术后处理

两组术后处理方法一致。术后预防性使用抗生素 24 h,引流管于术后 24~48 h 拔除。术后采用颈腕吊带悬吊保护患肢,第 2 天开始肩关节钟摆样及轻度外展功能活动,1 周内行肩关节被动活动,1 周后开始肩关节主动活动;3 周后去除保护性患肢悬吊,开始肩关节上举活动,4 周后逐步行肩关节康复锻炼。

1.4. 疗效评价指标

记录两组手术时间、术中出血量及切口长度。术后定期复查 X 线片,了解内固定及骨折愈合情况,直至骨性愈合;骨折愈合后,如患者要求可拆除内固定物。根据 Hardegger 等[11]评定标准从肩关节活动度、肩周疼痛、外展肌力 3 个方面进行疗效评定,分为优、良、可、差 4 个等级。

1.5. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS11.0 统计软件进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验;计数资料以率表示,组间比较采用 χ2 检验;检验水准 α=0.05。

2. 结果

A 组手术时间、术中出血量及切口长度均明显小于 B 组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。两组术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无切口感染等手术相关并发症发生。两组患者均获随访,A 组随访时间为 6~13 个月,平均 11.6 个月;B 组为 7~15 个月,平均 12.1 个月。末次随访时,根据 Hardegger 等评定标准 A 组获优 19 例、良 4 例、可 1 例,优良率为 95.8%;B 组获优 15 例、良 4 例、可 5 例、差 2 例,优良率为 73.1%;两组疗效比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.81,P=0.03)。X 线片复查示,两组骨折复位及内固定满意,骨折均愈合,A 组骨折愈合时间为(29.86±8.38)周、B 组为(30.05±7.99)周,差异无统计学意义(t=0.16,P=0.87)。见图2。骨折愈合后,A 组 13 例、B 组 16 例二次手术取出内固定物。

表 1.

Comparison of operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and incision length between 2 groups ( Inline graphic)

两组手术时间、术中出血量及切口长度比较( Inline graphic

组别
Group
例数
n
手术时间(min)
Operation time (minutes)
术中出血量(mL)
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)
切口长度(cm)
Incision length (cm)
A 24 63.17±9.25 132.28±29.26 10.28±0.85
B 26 90.84±10.20 359.25±39.19 16.79±1.31
统计值
Statistic
t=−10.02
P=0.004
t=−23.05
P=0.001
t=−20.65
P=0.001

图 2.

A 36-year-old male patient with left scapula fracture (OTA type 14A2.2)

A组患者,男,36岁,左肩胛骨骨折(OTA 14A2.2型)

a. 术前X线片;b.术前CT三维重建;c. 术后1周X线片;d.术后8个月X线片;e.术后8个月肩关节功能像

a. Preoperative X-ray film; b. Preoperative CT three-dimensional reconstruction; c. X-ray film at 1 week after operation; d. X-ray film at 8 months after operation; e. Shoulder functional image at 8 months after operation

图 2

3. 讨论

3.1. 手术指征

传统认为大多数肩胛骨骨折可采用保守治疗,但制动时间长,患者手臂常采取保护性内收位,局部疼痛导致活动受限,肩袖长度丢失,肌力下降,随后引发肌肉废用性萎缩和局部瘢痕粘连,最终导致肩周疼痛、创伤性肩关节炎、异位骨化等并发症[12-13]。肩关节盂上下缘连线和关节盂上缘与肩胛角连线之间的夹角称为盂极角,正常范围为 30~45°[14-16]。研究表明,盂极角<30° 的肩胛骨骨折患者治疗后,其肩关节功能评分明显低于盂极角>30° 患者,而盂极角<20° 时保守治疗预后极差[17-18]。因此,临床可根据肩胛骨骨折是否移位以及盂极角改变程度判断肩胛骨骨折患者是否有手术指征,其中骨折端成角畸形达 40°(盂极角<20°)及内侧移位>1 cm 者需手术治疗[19]

根据本组患者检查结果并结合文献分析,我们认为肩胛骨骨折手术指征包括:① 肩胛体部骨折,外侧缘出现超过 1 cm 的位移;CT 显示冠状面成角>45°、盂极角<20°,横断面骨折成角>45°;② 肩胛骨外科颈骨折,骨折线延伸至肩峰基底部或肩胛冈,CT 显示冠状面成角>40°,骨折局部移位>1 cm,盂极角<20°;③ 肩胛骨解剖颈骨折,骨折线位于喙突外侧,肩盂丧失悬吊复合体的支撑;④ 合并肩关节悬吊复合体损伤,存在肩关节或肩胛带不稳。

3.2. 肩胛骨骨折手术入路的选择

Judet 入路是肩胛骨骨折常用手术入路,具有显露充分的优点,但是我们临床应用中发现该手术入路也存在一定不足。如切口偏向内侧导致腋缘固定操作不便,肌肉剥离广泛导致创伤大、术中出血多,而且容易损伤肩胛上神经。术中充分暴露是通过将三角肌切断或将整块冈下肌从肩胛骨背面剥离达到,为此术后需保护性制动,以便冈下肌及三角肌等肌肉愈合,容易产生局部肌肉粘连,影响肩关节功能。

经肩袖肌间隙入路于肩胛骨表面作横斜形切口,沿背部皮纹走行,可减少术后瘢痕增生发生率及活动不适感,进入皮下层后沿肩袖主要肌群中的冈下肌和小圆肌间隙进行操作,视野显露的同时保护肩袖肌群不受损伤,保证术后早期康复锻炼,有利于功能恢复。术中沿肩袖肌间隙操作,通过 3 个手术窗显露肩胛骨结构,达到直视下解剖复位骨折和可靠固定的要求。

本研究中,A 组不仅手术时间、术中出血量及切口长度均明显小于 B 组,术后功能也明显优于 B 组,分析与经肩袖肌间隙入路为肌肉无损伤入路,肩袖损伤小,有效保护了主要神经结构,且骨折固定牢靠,有利于术后康复训练,减少了手术并发症有关。

3.3. 手术操作体会

① 肩胛骨为三角形松质扁骨,分两面、二缘、三角、两突。肩胛骨外侧缘、脊柱缘和肩胛冈构成三角形框架。经肩袖肌间隙入路切口为横斜形,深部三间隙显露,可以兼顾肩胛骨横向和纵向全面暴露,视野充分,方便使用复位钳或者遥控杆技术解剖复位骨折及固定。② 术前影像学资料判断骨折类型,根据肩胛骨骨折线走行位置,皮肤切口水平线可适当上、下调整,更精确定位显露的路径,减少手术创伤。③ 消毒铺巾时注意将同侧上肢一并消毒外露,以便于术中复位困难时通过活动患肢协助复位。④ 分离肌间隙前,注意保护冈下肌表层肌筋膜,可以更容易判断其与大、小圆肌间隙,而且可避免术后肌纤维瘢痕粘连。⑤ 肩胛骨骨折时肩胛盂骨折块基本保持在原解剖位置,而肩胛体部骨折块向外侧移位,为骨折后侧移位关键部分。本组术中亦可见肩袖肌群将肩胛体部向外侧牵拉,复位时需将骨折线下骨折块内移纠正。骨折两端可先以斯氏针固定后协助复位,复位过程中使用撬拨技术,不断调整骨折块位置,以活动骨块对固定骨块,完成支撑后固定钢板。此外,于肩胛骨外侧缘距肩胛下角 8.4 cm 处可扪及旋肩胛动脉搏动,术中应注意保护避免损伤,以免造成术后冈下肌缺血坏死。

综上述,与传统 Judet 入路相比,经肩袖肌间隙入路手术时间短、肌肉创伤小、术中出血量少、暴露充分、骨折固定牢靠。但本组例数有限,随访时间较短,尚需进一步随访观察远期疗效。

作者贡献:童文卿负责科研设计及实施、数据收集整理及统计分析、文章撰写,洪洋、王明海负责科研设计及文章撰写。

利益冲突:所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。基金经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道。

机构伦理问题:研究方案经复旦大学附属上海市第五人民医院医学伦理委员会批准(2015 伦审第 098 号)。

Funding Statement

上海市闵行区卫健委科研基金(2015MW04)

Scientific Research Funds of Shanghai Minhang District Health Committee (2015MW04)

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