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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2019 Nov;33(11):1452–1456. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201908052

煅烧异种骨用于犬牙槽嵴保存的初步研究

Preliminary study on true bone ceramics for alveolar ridge preservation in dogs

Jing LI 1, Wei QIAO 1, Xiaoqi REN 1, Hao SHI 1, Ting YANG 1, Shaoying MA 1, Yaping ZHAO 1,*, Chengzhong SU 1
PMCID: PMC8337449  PMID: 31650765

Abstract

Objective

To study the preservation effect of true bone ceramics (TBC) prepared by high-temperature calcination of bovine bone on alveolar ridge of canine extraction socket.

Methods

Six healthy Beagle dogs (aged 1.5-2 years) were selected to extract the second and fourth premolars of both mandibles and the second premolars of the maxilla. The left extraction socket was implanted with TBC as the experimental group, and the right side was implanted with the calcined bovine bone (CBB) as the control group, to observe the alveolar ridge preservation effect. Three dogs were euthanized after general observation at 1 and 6 months after operation respectively. After separating the maxilla and mandible, cone beam CT (CBCT) was performed to measure the average gray value of the graft site and the adjacent reference area (the area between the roots of the adjacent third premolar) and calculate the gray scale ratio between the bone graft site and the reference area. Histological observation was made on the bone graft site to evaluate the new bone formation.

Results

General observation showed that the wounds of both groups were basically healed at 2 weeks after operation, and the bone graft materials were not exposed. The wounds healed well at 1 and 6 months after operation without swelling. The results of CBCT showed that the residual material was found in both groups at 1 month after operation, and no significant residual material was found in both groups at 6 months after operation, and the alveolar ridge height of the bone graft area was not significantly reduced. There was no significant difference in the bone mineral density between the experimental group and the control group. The gray scale ratios of the experimental group at 1 month and 6 months after operation were 0.97±0.14 and 0.93±0.06, respectively, and were 0.99±0.16 and 0.94±0.05 in control group, showing no significant difference between the two groups (t=−1.030,P=0.333; t=−0.770,P=0.466). HE staining observation showed that a large number of bone graft materials did not degrade and new bone formed around the grafts in both groups at 1 month after operation; the bone graft materials were absorbed and a large number of new bones were formed in both groups at 6 months after operation.

Conclusion

TBC can maintain bone mineral density and have good osteoconductivity in the alveolar ridge site preservation experiment of dogs, and can be used for alveolar ridge site preservation.

Keywords: True bone ceramics, canine extraction socket filling, gray scale ratio, alveolar ridge preservation


在口腔临床中,拔牙后牙槽嵴位点的保存对于缺牙部位进行种植修复有着非常重要的意义。目前,牙槽嵴保存常用的方法是在牙槽窝内植入骨修复材料。植骨材料多种多样,有自体骨、同种异体骨、异种骨等[1-2]。自体骨作为植骨的“金标准”已成为共识,但其骨量有限,难以满足大范围骨缺损修复;同种异体骨是骨科临床常用材料,但其来源有限、有一定程度的免疫原性,也不能完全满足临床植骨需求。异种骨材料来源广泛,但存在较强的免疫原性及疾病传播风险,如果经过合适方法处理可以作为骨移植替代材料,解决临床上自体骨与同种异体骨来源不足的问题。高温煅烧是一种可以彻底去除异种骨免疫原性及致病微生物的有效方法[3]。将具有天然多孔结构的牛松质骨经高温煅烧后制得的煅烧骨,不仅有效去除了抗原,还可以为新生骨组织和血管长入提供通道,是一种理想的骨修复材料。煅烧骨制备工艺以及理化性质研究国内外已有诸多报道[4-6],这些研究表明煅烧骨具有良好的生物安全性[7-8];但煅烧骨材料用于动物植骨的成骨效果研究仅有少量报道。本研究将牛骨经高温煅烧制备煅烧异种骨材料(以下简称煅烧异种骨)植入犬拔牙窝内,与植入天然煅烧骨修复材料——“骼瑞”的成骨效果进行比较,评价煅烧异种骨在犬拔牙窝内的植骨效果,为煅烧异种骨作为植骨材料应用于口腔临床提供实验依据。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 实验动物、主要材料及试剂、仪器

健康 1.5~2 岁龄比格犬 6 只,体质量 10.8~12.3 kg,雌雄不限,牙齿无龋坏或缺失,牙周健康,购自南京柴门生物科技有限公司,由中国辐射防护研究院 GLP 实验中心负责饲养。手术前每只动物在 GLP 实验中心至少有 7 d 过渡期,以适应新环境。

骼瑞(陕西瑞盛生物材料有限公司)为白色颗粒,粒径 0.25~1.0 mm,是天然牛松质骨经专利技术低温煅烧后制备的天然煅烧骨修复材料,其主要成分为羟基磷灰石。天然煅烧骨修复材料具有与人类松质骨类似的宏观和微观多孔结构,且具有良好的生物相容性和骨传导性,是国内首家批准上市的同类产品,在犬牙槽骨缺损修复实验中有良好的成骨效果[9],临床使用效果良好。

煅烧异种骨(山西奥瑞生物材料有限公司),粒径 0.25~1.0 mm,是经脱脂脱蛋白的牛骨在 800~1 000℃有氧条件下高温煅烧制备而成的无机骨材料。煅烧异种骨为白色不规则颗粒,不含蛋白质,无细胞毒性,具有良好的生物相容性。

犬口咽清喷剂(陕西鑫诚大唐畜牧有限公司);戊巴比妥钠(北京化学试剂公司);0.9% 氯化钠注射液(山东化鲁制药有限公司)。CS 9300 型锥形 CT 机(Carestrea 公司,美国);KD-TS1 型生物组织自动脱水机(浙江金华科迪仪器设备有限公司);BMJ-A 型包埋机(常州中威电子仪器有限公司);RM2015 型石蜡切片机(Leica 公司,德国);牙科电钻(佛山瑞郗医疗器械有限公司)。

1.2. 实验分组及方法

实验动物以 3% 戊巴比妥钠(1.0 mg/kg)静脉注射全身麻醉[10],牙根处注射 2% 利多卡因行局部麻醉。常规口腔消毒后分离牙龈,拔除犬双侧下颌第 2、4 前磨牙以及上颌第 2 前磨牙;用刮匙彻底清除牙周韧带,使用牙科电钻低速、低温 0.9% 氯化钠注射液冷却下扩大牙槽窝并降低牙槽间隔,制备大小约 8 mm(近远中向)×8 mm(垂直向)×4 mm(颊舌向)的骨缺损模型。将植骨材料用 0.9% 氯化钠注射液充分浸润后填充至牙槽窝中,充填器挤压至材料完全充满牙槽窝,左侧植入煅烧异种骨作为实验组,右侧植入骼瑞作为对照组。拉拢分离的龈瓣,非吸收线“8”字缝合,关闭拔牙创面。见图 1ac

图 1.

Surgical procedure of animals

实验动物手术过程

a. 拔除牙齿;b. 材料填充至拔牙窝;c. “8”字缝合;d. 术后防护

a. Extracted teeth carefully; b. Implanted the material into extraction socket; c. Sutured wound with “8” closure; d. Prevented after implantation

图 1

术前 1 d 开始,每天肌肉注射庆大霉素(1.5 U/kg)预防感染,连续 7 d;术后即刻用庆大霉素注射液冲洗伤口预防感染。术后多层无菌纱布覆盖伤口防止动物舔食伤口,戴犬防咬嘴套防止动物扯掉纱布(图 1d),每天更换 1 次,同时使用犬口咽清喷剂处理创口,持续 7 d。术后 2 周内给予软食,2 周后拆除缝线,正常饮食。

1.3. 观测指标

1.3.1. 大体观察

术后 1、6 个月,分别观察伤口愈合情况,是否有排斥反应,有无肿胀、炎性分泌物,植骨材料有无裸露等。

1.3.2. 锥形束 CT 检查

术后 1、6 个月分别过量麻醉处死 3 只实验动物,分离上下颌骨,采用 4% 甲醛溶液固定 48 h ,制作标本后行锥形束 CT 检查,每次均由同一拍摄者在常规条件下拍摄。扫描参数:投照电压<110 kV,电流<15 mA,有效曝光时间<5.4 s,体素 0.18 mm×0.18 mm×0.18 mm。获得的 DICOM 格式数据导入 CS 3D Imaging 软件中,对数据进行三维重建;采用 Image-pro plus6.0 软件对重建图片进行分析,测量植骨部位与相邻参照区(邻近的第 3 前磨牙两个牙根中间的骨区)的平均灰度值,计算植骨区与参照区的灰度比。见图 2

图 2.

CBCT three-dimensional reconstruction The triangle indicated the bone graft area, and the pentagon indicated the reference area

锥形束 CT 三维重建

三角形示植骨区,五角星示参照区

图 2

1.3.3. 组织学观察

术后 1、6 个月拍摄锥形束 CT 后,将包含植骨部位的组织块采用 50% 甲酸脱钙处理 70 d,常规系列乙醇脱水,石蜡包埋制备组织学切片,片厚 5 μm,HE 染色,光镜下观察植入材料吸收情况和新骨形成情况,评价材料成骨效果。

1.4. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS17.0 统计软件进行分析。数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用配对 t 检验;检验水准 α=0.05。

2. 结果

2.1. 大体观察

实验动物无死亡,术后饮食均正常。术后 2 周拆线可见创口基本愈合,植骨材料无裸露。术后 1 个月,两组创口均愈合良好,牙龈色泽正常,无肿胀;处死动物后取出含植入物的牙槽骨,矢状位剖开,两组植入部位均可见白色植骨材料残留。术后 6 个月,两组创口均愈合良好,牙龈色泽正常,无肿胀;处死动物后植入部位大体观察均未见植骨材料。两组大体观察结果无明显差异。见图 3

图 3.

General observation after operation

术后大体观察

a. 术后 1 个月创口愈合良好;b. 术后 1 个月植入部位可见白色植骨材料;c. 术后 6 个月植入部位未见植骨材料

a. The wound healed well at 1 month after operation; b. White material could be seen at 1 month after operation; c. No material could be observed at 6 months after operation

图 3

2.2. 锥形束 CT 检查

术后 1 个月,两组植骨区均可见植骨材料残留。术后 6 个月,两组植骨区未见明显植骨材料残留,植骨区牙槽嵴高度均未见明显降低,实验组和对照组牙槽窝内骨量无明显差异。见图 4。术后 1、6 个月实验组植骨处与对应参照区的灰度比分别为 0.97±0.14、0.93±0.06,对照组分别为 0.99±0.16、0.94±0.05,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(t=−1.030,P=0.333;t=−0.770,P=0.466)。

图 4.

CBCT three-dimensional reconstruction after operation

术后锥形束 CT 三维重建

a. 术后 1 个月;b. 术后 6 个月

a. At 1 month after operation; b. At 6 months after operation

图 4

2.3. 组织学观察

HE 染色示,术后 1 个月,低倍镜下两组植骨部位均可见大量植骨材料未完全降解,骨小梁间可见不完整骨移植材料,材料与组织之间界限明显;高倍镜下植骨材料周围可见新生骨组织,多为编织骨,可见新旧骨分界处的黏合线。术后 6 个月,两组植骨部位植骨材料完全降解,均可见大量成骨,高倍镜下可见成熟骨单位;实验组和对照组均未见明显炎性细胞浸润。见图 5

图 5.

HE staining observation at different time points after operation

术后各时间点 HE 染色观察

a. 实验组术后 1 个月(×40),箭头示不完整的骨移植材料;b. 实验组术后 1 个月(×400),箭头示植骨材料周围可见新生骨;c. 对照组术后 1 个月(×40),箭头示不完整的骨移植材料;d. 对照组术后 1 个月(×400),箭头示植骨材料周围可见新生骨;e. 实验组术后 6 个月(×40);f. 实验组术后 6 个月(×400);g. 对照组术后 6 个月(×40);h. 对照组术后 6 个月(×400)

a. Experimental group at 1 month after operation (×40), arrow indicated incomplete bone graft materials; b. Experimental group at 1 month after operation (×400), arrow indicated new bone around the bone graft materials; c. Control group at 1 month after operation (×40), arrow indicated incomplete bone graft materials; d. Control group at 1 month after operation (×400), arrow indicated new bone around the bone graft materials; e. Experimental group at 6 months after operation (×40); f. Experimental group at 6 months after operation (×400); g. Control group at 6 months after operation (×40); h. Control group at 6 months after operation (×400)

图 5

3. 讨论

牙齿拔除后,牙槽嵴的宽度和高度均会发生显著吸收[11]。为保存牙槽嵴位点,为随后的种植修复提供良好基础,许多研究人员以比格犬作为动物模型进行研究,并建立了骨缺损动物模型[12]。研究表明,拔牙后牙槽窝植入羟基磷灰石材料[13]、Bio-Oss 骨粉[14]或骼瑞[9]都能够在一定程度上促进牙槽骨的缺损修复,达到牙槽嵴位点保存的效果。也有研究表明单独植入 Bio-Oss Collagen 骨胶原[15-16]用于牙槽窝位点保存的作用不可靠,需要与种植体联合使用[17]。本实验将煅烧骨材料植入犬牙槽窝,采用灰度比与植骨处的成骨效果来验证煅烧骨材料用于牙槽嵴位点保存的有效性。

锥形束 CT 技术因其辐射量低、扫描时间短、费用低廉、伪影减少等优势[18],逐渐应用于口腔牙槽骨形态变化的临床评估工作[19]。锥形束 CT 的灰度值虽不能直接反映确切的骨密度,但与参照区形成的灰度比可以间接反映植骨区的骨密度[20]。本研究以邻近的第 3 前磨牙牙根处作为参考区,计算植骨处与对应参考区的灰度比来反映植骨处的骨密度恢复情况,具有一定的可行性。我们同时采用 HE 染色对植骨处进行组织学观察,能直观反映植骨材料的成骨效果。结果显示,术后 1 个月,实验组和对照组植骨材料周围已有新骨形成;术后 6 个月,植骨材料周围形成大量新骨并连接成片,具有良好的骨传导性。术后 6 个月植骨区灰度较术后 1 个月有所降低,是由于术后植骨材料逐步降解,同时有新骨形成,新骨的密度小于植骨材料。术后不同时期实验组和对照组植骨区灰度比差异均无统计学意义,说明煅烧骨材料与骼瑞成骨效果一致,能够保持牙槽骨密度。

综上述,煅烧异种骨材料具有良好的生物安全性和骨传导性,有望用于牙槽嵴位点保存。煅烧异种骨为无机骨材料,缺乏骨诱导活性,与骨诱导因子联合使用可以有效提高成骨效果,但是联合使用的方法与可行性有待进一步研究。

作者贡献:李晶参与科研设计、实施,数据收集及文章撰写;乔玮、任晓琦参与科研实施,图片处理及数据收集整理;石浩、杨婷参与数据整理及统计分析;马绍英、赵亚平对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅;苏成忠参与文章科研设计及讨论部分分析。

利益冲突:所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。

机构伦理问题:研究方案经中国辐射防护研究院药物安全评价中心动物福利伦理委员会批准。实验动物生产许可证号:SCXK(苏)2016-0007,实验动物使用许可证号:SYXK(晋)2013-0002。

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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