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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2019 Nov;33(11):1414–1418. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201812049

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折对腰椎-骨盆拟合关系的影响

Effect of percutaneous kyphoplasty on lumbar-pelvic correlation in osteoporotic vertebral compressive fractures

Tao LIU 1, Shuiqiang QIU 1, Zhigang XU 1, Jisheng GU 1, Zhendong LUO 1, Desheng WU 2,*
PMCID: PMC8337459  PMID: 31650758

Abstract

Objective

To explore the effect of percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) on lumbar-pelvic correlation in osteoporotic vertebral compressive fracture (OVCF).

Methods

According to the inclusion criteria, 63 patients with primary osteoporosis between January 2012 and June 2017 were selected as the control group and 67 patients with single-segment lumbar OVCF receiving PKP and complete clinical data were included as the observation group. There was no significant difference in gender, age, and lumbar spine bone density between the two groups (P>0.05). The visual analogue scale (VAS) score and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score were used to assess lumbar pain and function before operation and at 3 days after operation in the observation group; lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), and sacral slope (SS) were measured in lumbar lateral X-ray films which were taken before PKP and at 1 month after PKP. The same parameters were measured in the lumbar lateral X-ray films which were taken at the time of initial diagnosis in the control group.

Results

All patients were followed up 3-24 months with an average of 5.8 months in the observation group. The VAS score decreased from 5.6±1.8 before PKP to 2.8±1.3 at 3 days after PKP (t=14.082, P=0.000); ODI decreased from 50.1%±5.0% before PKP to 18.2%±1.8% (t=47.011, P=0.000). Compared with the control group, the LL, PI, and SS decreased and the PT increased in the observation group, and only the difference in LL between the two groups was significant (P<0.05). In the observation group, the LL and SS significantly increased (P<0.05) and PT significantly decreased (P<0.05) at 1 month after operation when compared with preoperative ones, and PI decreased, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). In the control group, LL was positively correlated with PI and SS (P<0.05); PI was positively correlated with PT and SS (P<0.05). In the observation group, PI was positively correlated with SS (P<0.05) before and after PKP.

Conclusion

OVCF patients lost the specific lumbar-pelvic correlation. PKP can restore lumbar lordosis, but it still can not restore the normal physiological fitting.

Keywords: Osteoporotic vertebral compressive fracture, percutaneous kyphoplasty, lumbar-pelvic correlation


正常生理情况下,在机体矢状位各个交接区,如颈胸、胸腰及腰椎-骨盆,均存在一定适应性,通过相互特定的拟合关系维持脊柱-骨盆矢状位平衡[1]。骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compressive fracture,OVCF)是指由于骨质疏松造成脊柱椎体组织内钙质慢性丢失,进而导致骨密度和骨强度降低,在轻微外力作用下发生单节段或多节段椎体压缩性骨折。骨折后脊柱正常高度丢失,加之疼痛,启动姿势性代偿机制,患者脊柱生理曲度进一步改变。经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)是临床治疗 OVCF 有效方式之一,能部分恢复椎体高度、改善后凸畸形,但对腰椎-骨盆拟合关系的影响尚未明确,目前也缺少相关研究报道。为此,我们回顾性分析接受 PKP 治疗的 OVCF 患者(观察组)影像资料,并与单纯原发性骨质疏松患者(对照组)进行比较,探讨 PKP 能否恢复 OVCF 患者腰椎-骨盆正常生理拟合关系。报告如下。

1. 材料及方法

1.1. 一般资料

对照组患者纳入标准:① 年龄≥65 岁,首诊原发性骨质疏松;② 无慢性腰腿痛、脊柱畸形;③ 无脊柱手术史,无骨盆、髋关节、下肢疾病史,无相关神经脑血管疾病史;④ 全脊柱正侧位 X 线片显示无脊柱滑脱表现,冠状位脊柱侧凸 Cobb 角<10°,无矢状位失衡及后凸畸形[1]。2012 年 1 月—2017 年 6 月,同济大学附属东方医院骨质疏松门诊就诊患者中共 63 例符合标准纳入研究。男 34 例,女 29 例;年龄 65~91 岁,平均 78.9 岁。腰椎骨密度 T 值为−3.7SD~−2.5SD,平均−2.7SD。

观察组患者纳入标准:① 年龄≥65 岁,诊断原发性骨质疏松;② 腰椎单节段 OVCF,并接受 PKP 治疗;③ 术前及末次随访资料完整。2012 年 1 月—2017 年 6 月,于同济大学附属东方医院脊柱外科接受治疗的 OVCF 患者中,共 67 例符合标准纳入研究。男 36 例,女 31 例;年龄 65~95 岁,平均 78.7 岁。腰椎骨密度 T 值为−4.3SD~−2.5SD,平均−2.9SD。其中 5 例骨折有明显诱因(如咳嗽、弯腰拾物等),7 例为摔伤,其余 55 例无明显外伤史及诱因。骨折节段:L1 36 例,L2 19 例,L3 10 例,L4 2 例。骨折至手术时间 3~9 d,平均 5 d。术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)为(5.6±1.8)分,功能障碍指数(ODI)为 50.1%±5.0%。

两组患者性别、年龄、腰椎骨密度 T 值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

1.2. 影像学评价指标

摄腰椎侧位 X 线片(范围为 T12 至股骨头)并测量以下参数,其中对照组为初次确诊骨质疏松时 X 线片,观察组为术前及术后 1 个月 X 线片。① 腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL):L1 上终板与 S1 上终板之间夹角。② 骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI):经 S1 上终板中心作一条垂直于终板的直线,再经 S1 上终板中心和两股骨头连线中点作一条直线,两条直线夹角即为 PI。③ 骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT):经过 S1 上终板中点以及两侧股骨头中心连线中点的直线与铅垂线间的夹角。④ 骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS):S1 上终板与水平面之间夹角。

1.3. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS20.0 统计软件进行分析。数据以均数±标准差表示。观察组手术前后比较采用配对 t 检验;观察组与对照组比较采用独立样本 t 检验。两组影像学参数间相关性分析采用 Pearson 相关。检验水准 α=0.05。

2. 结果

观察组患者均获随访,随访时间 3~24 个月,平均 5.8 个月。术后 3 d,观察组 VAS 评分降至(2.8±1.3)分,ODI 降至 18.2%±1.8%,手术前后比较差异均有统计学意义(t=14.082,P=0.000;t=47.011,P=0.000)。

X 线片测量显示,与对照组相比,观察组术前 LL、PI、SS 减小,PT 增大;其中,LL 两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余指标组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。观察组术后 1 个月 LL、SS 较术前明显增大、PT 明显减小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PI 无明显改变,与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1

表 1.

Comparison of X-ray indicators between the two groups ( Inline graphic, °)

两组X线片测量指标比较( Inline graphic,°)

组别
Group
例数
n
LL PI
术前
Preoperative
术后 1 个月
One month after operation
统计值
Statistic
术前
Preoperative
术后 1 个月
One month after operation
统计值
Statistic
观察组
Observation group
67 22.7±7.3 29.4±7.9 t=−5.534
P=0.000
38.9±8.1 37.5±8.5 t=1.058
P=0.294
对照组
Control group
63 47.9±14.5 42.9±14.8
统计值
Statistic
t=12.467
P=0.000
t=1.895
P=0.061
组别
Group
例数
n
PT SS
术前
Preoperative
术后 1 个月
One month after operation
统计值
Statistic
术前
Preoperative
术后 1 个月
One month after operation
统计值
Statistic
观察组
Observation group
67 14.0±3.5 9.8±1.7 t=9.864
P=0.000
25.2±8.0 28.4±8.2 t=−2.593
P=0.012
对照组
Control group
63 11.0±2.7 33.1±15.8
统计值
Statistic
t=−5.487
P=0.538
t=13.754
P=0.545

对照组中 LL 与 PI、SS 成正相关(P<0.05),PI 与 PT、SS 成正相关(P<0.05)。见表2。观察组中术前及术后 1 个月 PI 与 SS 均成正相关(P<0.05),其余指标间无相关性(P>0.05)。见表34

表 2.

Correlation analysis of lumbar -pelvic parameters in control group

对照组腰椎-骨盆参数相关性分析

参数
Parameter
LL PI PT
PI r=0.326
P=0.009
PT r=0.129
P=0.314
r=0.249
P=0.049
SS r=0.262
P=0.038
r=0.436
P=0.000
r=−0.040
P=0.754

表 3.

Correlation analysis of lumbar-pelvic parameters before operation in the observation group

观察组术前腰椎-骨盆参数相关性分析

参数
Parameter
LL PI PT
PI r=−0.095
P=0.445
PT r=0.075
P=0.544
r=0.116
P=0.351
SS r=0.038
P=0.760
r=0.297
P=0.015
r=−0.070
P=0.571

表 4.

Correlation analysis of lumbar-pelvic parameters at 1 month after operation in the observation group

观察组术后1个月腰椎-骨盆参数相关性分析

参数
Parameter
LL PI PT
PI r=−0.124
P=0.318
PT r=0.060
P=0.630
r=0.033
P=0.789
SS r=−0.158
P=0.203
r=0.310
P=0.011
r=−0.170
P=0.169

3. 讨论

成人生理状态下,骨盆矢状位形态和位置会保持相对稳定[2-5]。李危石等[1]对 139 名 21~28 岁志愿者研究发现,不同国家正常人群骨盆矢状位形态虽不同,但骨盆在全脊柱矢状位平衡方面的调节作用是一致的,并且脊柱解剖学和形态学参数与骨盆参数的相关性分析显示 LL 与 PI、SS 成正相关。随着年龄增长,脊柱退变表现为运动节段骨桥形成、椎体嵌合等,矢状位 LL、SS 减小[6-7],但脊柱-骨盆仍保持着 LL 与 PI、PT 及 SS 的正相关关系[8]。腰椎退行性病变与脊柱-骨盆矢状位失衡密切相关,尤其在慢性腰痛及退行性脊柱畸形中常伴有严重矢状位失衡[9],此时脊柱-骨盆序列中特定的拟合关系也会改变。

3.1. 单腰椎OVCF患者腰椎-骨盆拟合关系

目前,有关正常人群和脊柱后凸畸形患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位形态[10-11]和老年性 OVCF 的治疗[12-13]研究较多,对单腰椎 OVCF 患者脊柱-骨盆拟合关系研究甚少。发生单腰椎 OVCF 后,脊柱矢状位局部节段不稳,邻近节段及下腰椎-骨盆进行姿势性代偿,长期代偿会导致小关节发生应力性损伤、椎旁肌劳损,引发顽固性腰背痛。结合脊柱 Denis 三柱理论分析,OVCF 患者均会发生椎体高度丢失、节段曲度改变,腰椎 X 线片显示腰椎前凸角发生变化;但相对于腰椎,胸廓稳定性较强,其较小的柔韧性决定了在腰椎曲度发生异常时代偿主要发生在骨盆上,故 OVCF 后腰椎-骨盆拟合关系会受到影响。王俊魁等[14]将 OVCF、单纯骨质疏松患者与正常人群进行对比研究,发现胸腰椎 OVCF 患者胸椎后凸、腰椎前凸及骨盆参数间相关性丧失,易发生矢状位失平衡,但该研究未进一步探究腰椎-骨盆拟合关系以及治疗措施对伤椎节段曲度的影响。本研究对照组腰椎 LL 与 PI、SS 成正相关,而观察组 PKP 术前及术后 1 个月 LL 与骨盆参数均无明显相关性,故我们分析观察组腰椎-骨盆参数关系改变与骨折导致前柱高度丢失以及骨折后疼痛致使脊柱节段高度和曲度发生变化有关。

3.2. PKP对腰椎-骨盆关系的影响

正常情况下,随着腰椎退变,腰椎前凸丢失或腰椎曲度变直,除上位胸腰段代偿外,骨盆也会发生代偿性倾斜,以此来维持脊柱-骨盆矢状位平衡[15]。但在腰椎-骨盆局部,腰椎退变过程中骨盆后倾表现明显。国人正常人群 LL 为(48.3±11.1)°、PI 为(45.1±9.6)°[1]。而本研究观察组 OVCF 患者术前 LL 为(22.7±7.3)°,较之曲度明显丢失;且 PI 也较正常曲度显著减小。OVCF 患者大多因前柱显著压缩,高度和曲度丢失明显,局部平衡被打破,导致明显腰背部疼痛等不适感。PKP 使用压力扩张气囊撑开伤椎中压缩的骨小梁和上、下终板[16],有效恢复骨折椎体高度、改善后凸畸形 [17-18]。研究发现 PKP 术后末次随访时 LL 有所恢复,但仍未与生理曲度相适应。故我们认为,PKP 虽然改变了 OVCF 患者腰椎-骨盆参数,但没有改变骨折后腰椎与骨盆生理上的适应,对恢复腰椎-骨盆拟合关系无明显作用。

综上述,PKP 虽能有效治疗 OVCF,恢复伤椎部分高度,缓解患者腰背部慢性疼痛,但仍无法恢复腰椎-骨盆生理拟合。但本研究存在以下不足:① 无论是 OVCF 还是单纯骨质疏松患者,骨折疼痛及软组织退变均可导致摄片姿势改变,影响脊柱-骨盆矢状位平衡进而导致参数测量出现偏倚;② L1 椎体上终板骨折对腰椎 LL 测量产生影响;③ 对脊柱交界区如颈胸、胸腰及腰椎-骨盆之间的适应性研究较少,该结论尚需进一步论证。

作者贡献:刘涛负责科研设计、数据搜集整理、统计分析及文章撰写,邱水强、徐志刚、顾继生负责科研实施、数据搜集整理,罗振东、吴德升负责科研设计。

利益冲突:所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道。

机构伦理问题:研究方案经上海市虹口区江湾医院伦理委员会批准[2018 第(007)号]。

Funding Statement

上海市虹口区临床医学优秀青年人才培养计划资助项目(HKYQ2018-13);上海市虹口区卫生和计划生育委员会课题资助项目(虹卫 1802-19)

Clinical Medicine Excellent Youth Talents Training Program of Hongkou District of Shanghai (HKYQ2018-13); Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Hongkou District Health and Family Planning Commission (HW1802-19)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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